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Qualitative Research methods > Data collection II: methods > Flashcards

Data collection II: methods Flashcards

1
Q

how is data collected?

A

in a number of ways, from diverse sources - can use one or a few data collection methods

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2
Q

what is triangulation?

A

a process in which multiple collection methods of data are used

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3
Q

what do qualitative researchers do?

A

make sense of feelings, experiences, social situations or phenomena in their natural setting

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4
Q

what is aimed for when collecting qualitative data?

A

minimal interference/interruption within the context
engage with participants in an open and empathetic manner

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5
Q

what are the steps involved in the data collection process?

A

obtaining ethical clearance
obtain permission and access through gatekeepers
sampling
data collection

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6
Q

what is sampling?

A

the selection of research participants from an entire population

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7
Q

what are the types of sampling?

A

probability and non-probability sampling

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8
Q

what is probability sampling?

A

all members of a population stand an equal chance of being selected for the study

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9
Q

what is non-probability sampling?

A

the selection of participants is not determined by the statistical principle of randomness

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10
Q

what does sampling involve questions about?

A

which people to sample
which setting to sample from

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11
Q

what are the types of probability sampling?

A

convenience sampling, purposive sampling and snow-ball sampling

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12
Q

what is convenience sampling?

A

recruiting people who are easily available and accessible

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13
Q

what is purposive sampling?

A

recruiting people who have experienced the phenomenon/research problem being studied

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14
Q

what is snow-ball sampling?

A

recruiting participants through existing contacts

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15
Q

why does qualitative research not require large sample sizes?

A

focus on in-depth, detailed explanations
sample size determined by approach to research

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16
Q

what is theoretical saturation?

A

when new cases no longer provide new information - data collection stops

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17
Q

how can the decision of how many cases to study be informed?

A

whether it is a new or developed area of study
how much detail one is likely to gather in one case
budget and time constraints

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18
Q

what are some sampling strategies?

A

maximum variation, critical case sampling, confirming or disconfirming cases, theoretical sampling

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19
Q

what is maximum variation sampling?

A

when seeking the broadest range of perspectives on the subject of study

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20
Q

what is critical case sampling?

A

looking for data that is information rich

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21
Q

what is confirming or disconfirming sampling?

A

seeking to confirm of disconfirm an emerging analytical account

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22
Q

what is theoretical sampling?

A

collecting data specifically for the purpose of generating theory

23
Q

what are some ethical considerations when sampling?

A

consent, gaining consent through gatekeepers of a community

24
Q

what is informed consent?

A

agreement to participate based on receiving full information on the study

25
Q

what are some data collection methods in qualitative research?

A

individual interviews, interviewing groups, participant observations,

26
Q

what are the different types of interviews?

A

structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews

27
Q

what is a structured interview?

A

interview requiring straight-forward, not so detailed answers

28
Q

what is an semi-structured interview?

A

involves the use of an interview schedule with a few broad, open-ended questions and some probing questions

29
Q

what are some positive aspects of individual interviews?

A

more natural form of interacting with participants,

30
Q

what is an unstructured interview?

A

asks broad questions and allows the participant to respond in broad detail with little interruption or probing

31
Q

what does the interview process involve?

A

preparing for and setting up the interview
audio recording
starting the interview and building a rapport
the interview itself - listening and taking notes
ending the interview - debriefing

32
Q

what are some question errors that can be made?

A

asking too many questions
asking closed questions (yes/no)
asking leading questions
asking excessively probing questions
asking poorly timed questions
asking why questions

33
Q

what is the data collection process followed by?

A

transcription process

34
Q

what is group interviewing?

A

interviewing more than one person at a time

35
Q

what do group interviews allow for?

A

explore intersubjective experiences

36
Q

who do group interviews involve?

A

a group of people who share a similar experience

37
Q

what are the components to a focus group?

A

procedure, interaction, content and recording

38
Q

what does the procedure component of a focus group refer to?

A

rules that give structure to and set the limits on the group process

39
Q

what does the interaction component of a focus group refer to?

A

being aware of personal and interpersonal dynamics of the group

40
Q

what does the content component of a focus group refer to?

A

what is spoken about or done in the interview

41
Q

what does the recording component of a focus group refer to?

A

audio-recording and note taking - allows one to focus on the interview and observe non-verbal communication

42
Q

what is participant observation?

A

observing participants in action, as things happen

43
Q

what are the types of observations outlined by Spradly?

A

descriptive, focused and selective observations

44
Q

what does descriptive observation refer to?

A

exploratory observations, what is happening in a situation

45
Q

what does focused observation refer to?

A

asking particular questions about general events

46
Q

what does selective observation refer to?

A

selecting particular events that you have specific questions about

47
Q

what are the phases of participant observation?

A

preparation, getting in and working with gatekeepers, getting on and building rapport (relationships)

48
Q

what are the different levels of participation?

A

complete observer, observer as participant, participant as observer, complete participant

49
Q

what is a complete observer?

A

not directly interacting with the setting and not disclosing your presence as a researcher

50
Q

what is an observer as a participant?

A

limited interaction with participants who know that you are a researcher

51
Q

what is a participant as observer?

A

fully engaged in a setting although it is still known that you are a researcher

52
Q

what is complete participation?

A

joining a group and fully participating without revealing that you are a researcher

53
Q

what are documentary sources?

A

other forms of data in qualitative research such as newspapers, journals etc. - easier that interviews

54
Q

how are documentary sources used?

A

can be used to supplement interview and focus group data

Qualitative Research methods (5 decks)

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