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Qualitative Research methods > Data collection I: approaches to qualitative research > Flashcards

Data collection I: approaches to qualitative research Flashcards

1
Q

what is Narrative research?

A

both a method and the phenomenon of study - focuses on people’s experiences as expressed through lived and told stories

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2
Q

what does narrative research focus on?

A

studying one or two individuals - gathering data through a collection of their stories, reporting on individual experiences, chronologically ordering their meaning

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3
Q

what does narrative research do?

A

tell of individuals experiences and shed light on identities of individuals and how they see themselves

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4
Q

how are narrative stories gathered?

A

many different forms of data - interviews, observations, documents, pictures, journals

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5
Q

what is focused on when analyzing narratives?

A

what was said (thematic), the nature of the telling of the story (structural), who the story is directed towards (dialogic/performance)

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6
Q

what important factor needs to be taken into account when looking at narrative stories?

A

the context within which the stories occur

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7
Q

what is ‘narrative analysis’?

A

creating descriptions of themes across stories and charting them into a story using a plot line

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8
Q

what are the types of narrative research?

A

biographical approach, autobiographical approach, life history approach, oral history approach

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9
Q

what is the biographical approach to narrative research?

A

researcher writes and records the experiences of another persons life

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10
Q

what is the autobiographical approach to narrative research?

A

written and recorded by the individuals who are the subject of the study

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11
Q

what is the life history approach to narrative research?

A

portrays and individuals entire life vs. a personal experience story which focuses on an individuals experience in one or more event/episode

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12
Q

what is the oral history approach to narrative research?

A

gathering personal reflections of events and their causes and effects from one or more individual

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13
Q

what are the procedures for conducting narrative research?

A

determine if narrative research best fits the research problem/question
select one or more individuals who have stories to tell and spend time with them gathering the information
collection and recording of data
collect info about the context of the stories
analyze participants stories
collaborate with participants by actively involving them in research

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14
Q

how do researchers analyze participants’ stories?

A

reorganize the stories, give the story a chronological sequence (beginning, middle, end), look for themes and categories within the stories, Clandinin and Connelly: interaction, continuity and situation

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15
Q

what is the interaction part of Clandinin and Connelly’s approach to narrative inquiry?

A

highlights the interconnectedness of the personal and social aspects of experiences.
It emphasizes that individual experiences are not isolated but are influenced by broader social contexts.
Researchers look at how personal narratives reflect social realities and how social contexts impact personal stories.

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16
Q

what is the continuity part of Clandinin and Connelly’s approach to narrative inquiry?

A

focuses on the temporal flow of experiences, considering how past experiences shape present actions and future possibilities.
It encourages researchers to trace the development of experiences over time, identifying patterns and changes.
Understanding continuity helps in comprehending how individuals construct their identities and make sense of their lives over time.

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17
Q

what is the situation part of Clandinin and Connelly’s approach to narrative inquiry?

A

emphasizes the importance of context in shaping narratives.
It involves considering the specific circumstances and environments in which experiences occur and stories are told.
Researchers analyze how situational factors influence the way stories are constructed and understood.

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18
Q

what does the phenomenological approach focus on?

A

focuses on describing what all participants have in common as they experience a phenomenon

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19
Q

what is the phenomenological approach entail?

A

researchers collect data from those who have experienced the phenomenon, and describe the essence of the experience for all the individuals

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20
Q

what does the description of phenomenological experiences consist of?

A

what they experienced and how they experienced it

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21
Q

what is bracketing?

A

the researcher brackets themselves out of the study by discussing personal experiences with the phenomenon.

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22
Q

what are the types of phenomenology?

A

hermeneutic phenomenology, empirical/psychological/transcendental phenomenology,

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23
Q

what does hermeneutic phenomenology involve?

A

the interpretation of the meaning of the lived experiences (not theorizing or analyzing)

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24
Q

what is hermeneutic phenomenology?

A

researcher makes an interpretation of what participants say and describe on that basis

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25
Q

what does empirical/psychological/transcendental phenomenology focus on?

A

less on interpretation and more on the description of experiences of participants

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26
Q

what does empirical/psychological/transcendental phenomenology involve?

A

reflexivity as a form of bracketing, textual and structural descriptions of experiences, places emphasis on bracketing/epoche (researcher perceives everything as if it were for the first time)

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27
Q

what are the procedures for conducting phenomenology?

A

determine whether the construct is best examined using the phenomenological approach
identify phenomenon of interest to study
researcher recognizes and specifies broad philosophical assumptions of phenomenology (bracketing
data is collected for a purposive sample
participants are asked two broad questions and then further probing questions are asked
significant statements and themes are used to write a description of what participants experiences

28
Q

what are the two broad questions asked in phenomenological studies?

A

what have you experienced in terms of this phenomenon? what contexts/situations have influenced your experiences?

29
Q

what does the grounded theory seek to do?

A

move beyond description, generating or discovering theory (an explanation)

30
Q

why is the grounded theory important?

A

help explain, practice or provide a framework for further research

31
Q

where is the grounded theory generated from?

A

generated from and grounded in data

32
Q

when is the grounded theory used?

A

when existing theories do not reflect the realities of the population - existing theories are not imposed onto the data

33
Q

what does the grounded theory involve?

A

memoing - writing down notes as data is collected and analyzed
primary form of collection of data is interviews

34
Q

what does memoing include?

A

ideas about what is said or observed - these ideas sketch out the flow of the process

35
Q

what are the types of grounded theory?

A

systematic procedures and constructionist approach

36
Q

what does systematic grounded theory do?

A

systematically developing a theory that explains process, action or interaction on a topic

37
Q

what does systematic grounded theory entail?

A

researcher conducts 20-30 interviews over multiple field visits
data is collected up to the point of saturation
data analysis happens simultaneously with data collection
involves theoretical sampling and constant comparison

38
Q

how does data collection in systematic grounded theory work?

A

data is collected up to the point of saturation
data analysis happens simultaneously with data collection
involves theoretical sampling and constant comparison

39
Q

what does constructionist grounded theory do?

A

emphasizing diverse local words, multiple realities and the complexities of particular words, views and actions

40
Q

what does constructionist grounded theory focus on?

A

theory developed that depends on the researchers view, not just the research methods

41
Q

what are the procedures for conducting grounded theory?

A

determine if grounded theory is best suited for the research problem
research questions asked will focus on understanding how they experienced the process and the identifying the steps in the process
data analysis proceeds in stages - iterative

42
Q

what is meant by iterative data analysis?

A

data analysis proceeds in stages

43
Q

what is ethnographic research interested in?

A

researcher is interested in examining shared patterns in larger than 20 or so individuals

44
Q

who does ethnographic research focus on?

A

an entire culture sharing group involving many people that interact over time

45
Q

what does ethnographic research focus on?

A

shared patterns of values, beliefs, behaviors and language

46
Q

what does ethnographic research involve?

A

extended observation and interviews of the group being studied through participation observation

47
Q

what do ethnographers study?

A

the meaning of behavior, language and interaction of members of a group

48
Q

what is an emic perspective?

A

participants views as an insider

49
Q

what does data analysis in ethnographic research rely on?

A

participants views as an insider perspective (emic) and reports them in verbatim quotes

50
Q

what is an etic perspective

A

outside perspective

51
Q

how is a cultural interpretation developed in ethnographic research?

A

data is filtered through the researchers etic perspective to develop cultural interpretation

52
Q

what are the types of ethnographies?

A

realist ethnography and critical ethnography

53
Q

what is realist ethnography?

A

objective account of the situation, written up in the third person and reporting objectively on the information learned by participants

54
Q

what does realist ethnography report?

A

objective data that in uncontaminated by personal bias, political goals or judgements

55
Q

what is critical ethnography?

A

responds to the way systems of power, prestige, and authority serves to marginalize individuals who are from different classes, races and genders

56
Q

what is critical ethnography used for?

A

advocacy tool against inequality and domination

57
Q

what are the procedures for ethnographic research?

A

identify and locate a culture-sharing group to study
select cultural themes, issues or theories to study about the group
determine which type of ethnography to use
gather information in the setting where the group is located
analyze data for a description of the group’s (shared) ways

58
Q

what is case study research?

A

the study of an issue explored through one or more cases within a real life, contemporary context

59
Q

what do case studies do?

A

present an in depth understanding of the case through many forms of qualitative of data

60
Q

what is an intrinsic case study?

A

a case that has unusual interest in and of itself and needs to be described in detail

61
Q

what is an instrumental case study?

A

intended to understand a specific issue, problem or concern and a case(s) are selected to help understand this

62
Q

what are the types of case studies?

A

single instrumental case, collective case, intrinsic case

63
Q

what is a single instrumental case study?

A

the researcher focuses on an issue or concern and then selects one bound case to illustrate the issue

64
Q

what is a collective case study?

A

one issue or concern is selected but multiple cases are used to illustrate the issue

65
Q

what is an intrinsic case study?

A

focus is on the case itself because it presents an unusual or unique issue

66
Q

what are the procedures for conducting a case study?

A

identify a case/cases and the types of cases that are useful
data collection
data analysis - holistic analysis of entire case or embedded analysis of specific aspects of a case
detailed description of case and themes within the case
thematic analysis across cases
present assertations

67
Q

how is data collected in case studies?

A

data collection is usually extensive and draws on multiple sources of information

Qualitative Research methods (5 decks)

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