data analysis Flashcards

1
Q

what is nominal data

A

cant be placed in a specific order eg. Sex, ethnicity, party

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2
Q

what is ordinal data

A

response categories can be placed in rank order eg, likert (agree/disagree), intensity (low/medium/high), education (GCSE, A level)

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3
Q

what is interval data

A

responses measured on a continuous scale with rank order, eg age, income, vote share

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4
Q

how do you maximise the usefulness of the data

A

always try to get the highest level of data

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5
Q

define frequency

A

how many times something happens. indicative of potential analysis

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6
Q

what does standard deviation measure?

A

the distance of each value from the mean

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7
Q

what is the difference between small and large Standard deviation

A

large means wide range of different values and small means the values don’t differ very much

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8
Q

Frequency tables and histograms/barcharts help us to identify distributions and thus ____

A

puzzles

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9
Q

types of relationships to explore between categorical variables (nominal and ordinal)?

A

cross-tabulations and chi-square test

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10
Q

types of relationships between continuous variables

A

correlation

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11
Q

• Cross-tabulation displays the _____ frequencies and _____ frequencies of any two categorical (nominal or ordinal) variables

A

joint and relative

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12
Q

three steps to constructing a cross tabulation

A
  • separate cases into groups based on independent variables
  • compare groups and if they differ in anyway
  • compare to what you expect to see
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13
Q

in a chi-square what must you firstly assume?

A

Assume the null hypothesis is true – that two variables are completely independent

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14
Q

if you get p>.05 from a chi-square test, you can or cant reject the null hypothesis?

A

you cant reject the null hypothesis. . The divergence wasn’t great enough to rule out the conclusion that the variables are completely independent.

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15
Q

if you get p

A

you can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the relationship was statistically significant

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16
Q

the ____ the p-value the stronger the evidence against the null hypothesis

A

smaller

17
Q

what type of relationships measures using Pearson correlation coefficient (r)? and what must the data be?

A
  • linear

- normally distributed

18
Q

‘r’ can take any value from 1 to -1. the closer it is __, the stronger the correlation and the closer it is to ___, the weaker the correlation

A
1 = stronger correlation
-1 = weaker correlation