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EPI PR3144 > Data Acquisition Approach ll > Flashcards

Data Acquisition Approach ll Flashcards

1
Q

Primary data collection method (3)

A
  1. Experimental method
    - lab experiment
    - controlled trials
  2. Observation method
  3. Survey method
    - in-depth interview
    - focus group discussion
    - questionnaire
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2
Q

Issues regarding questionnaire constructions (5)

A
  1. Structural
  2. Content
  3. Language
  4. Pre-testing
  5. Reliability & validity
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3
Q

Steps in constructing questionnaire (4)

A
  1. Determine what information is needed
  2. Drafting of questions
  3. Pre-testing of questionnaire
  4. Revision of questionnaire, if needed
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4
Q

Structural issues (2)

A
  • mode of delivery of questionnaire

- open-ended or close-ended

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5
Q

General format

A
  1. Introductory statement
  2. Demographics questions
    - can be last section also
  3. Factual questions
  4. Opinion questions
  5. Closing statements & return instructions
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6
Q

Question context (2)

  • administration
  • delivery of questionnaire
A
  1. Administration of questionnaires
    - self administered
    - interviewer-administered
  2. Delivery of questionnaire
    - mails / emails
    - telephone
    - in person
  • determines how questions & response options are constructed
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7
Q

Types of question formats (2)

A
  1. Open-ended
  2. Close-ended
    - checklists
    - rankings
    - rating scales
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8
Q

Examples of rating scales (5)

A
  • Unipolar scale
  • Bipolar scale
  • Likert scale
  • Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
  • Wong-Baker face scale
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9
Q

Advantages of open-ended response (4)

A
  • more detailed answers
  • can study respondents’ interpretations expressed in their own words
  • minimise successful guessing (knowledge question)
  • useful to wrap up entire survey at the end
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10
Q

Disadvantages of open-ended response (7)

A
  1. Less structured
  2. Difficult to ensure systematic recording of response (if interviewer administered)
  3. Difficult to maintain unbiased while adequately probe for more complete/understandable answer
  4. More difficult for respondents to answer compared to close-ended response
  5. More time required to complete such question
  6. ~75% of respondents will leave such questions blank (if self-administered)
  7. Difficult to code information for data analysis
    - wider variety of response
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11
Q

Advantages of close-ended response (4)

A
  1. Tightly structured
    - only options for respondents to choose from
  2. Ensures standardisation of response
  3. Easily encoded & analysed
  4. Less time taken to collect response
    - respondents take a shorter time to answer
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12
Q

Disadvantages of close-ended response (4)

A
  1. Less depth in answers
  2. Imposes researchers priorities on respondent
  3. May bias responses if range of options are not exhaustive
  4. Presentation formats may affect responses
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13
Q

How to write good questions? (4)

A
  • be clear
  • be concise
  • provide complete options in close-ended questions (avoid gaps or overlap categories)
  • bias & leading questions
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14
Q

Clarity in questions by avoiding __ (4)

A
  • big words
  • technical jargons (use layman terms)
  • double negatives
  • double-barreled questions
    eg questions with or, and
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15
Q

Language issues (3)

A
  • translate to other languages
  • cross cultural adaptation of survey instrument (translate to appropriate language)
  • back translate to ensure meaning of questions is retained
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16
Q

Pre-testing (4)

A
  • pilot test with a group of respondents
  • ensure all questions are understood as intended, otherwise rephrase to capture intended meaning
  • check length of questionnaire
  • ensure questionnaire is able to obtain adequate information to answer research question
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17
Q

Strengths of self-administered questionnaire (3)

A
  1. Cheap to administer
  2. Less susceptible to interviewer bias
  3. Can be administered via mail / email
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18
Q

Limitations of self-administered questionnaire (3)

A
  1. Lower response rate
    - lead to non-response bias
  2. Difficult to elicit detailed response
  3. Less control over how questionnaire is filled out
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19
Q

Strengths of interviewer-administered questionnaire (3)

A
  1. Higher response rate
  2. More detailed responses can be elicited
  3. Greater control over how questionnaire is filled out
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20
Q

Limitations of interviewer-administered questionnaire (3)

A
  1. Expensive to administer
  2. More susceptible to interviewer bias
  3. More time consuming
    - interviewer has to be present to collect response
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21
Q

Response rate

A

= (no. of participants who completed the questionnaire)/(total no. of eligible persons who were asked to participate)

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22
Q

Concerns over low response rate (3)

A
  • leads to non-response bias as respondents may differ from non-respondents in their characteristics, hence answers of respondents may differ from the potential answer of non-respondents
  • compromise internal validity
  • weakens external validity & generalisability of survey results
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23
Q

When to use mail/email mode of delivery of questionnaire? (6)

A
  1. Geographically disperse sample groups
  2. Directed to specific groups
    - can obtain specific emails
  3. Limited research budget & manpower
  4. Provide time for respondents to think before answering
  5. Provide privacy for respondents
  6. Questions should be closed-ended, simple & clear
24
Q

When to use telephone interviews? (2)

A
  1. Open-ended questionnaire
  2. Complex interviews
    eg req skipping of questions depending on respondent’s previous answer
25
Q

CATI

A

Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews

  • directly key in respondent’s answers into computer system
  • ensure quality & speed
26
Q

When to use in-person interviews? (3)

A
  1. Open-ended questionnaire
  2. Complex interviews
    eg req skipping of questions depending on respondent’s previous answer
  3. Knowledge-based questions
27
Q

CAPI

A

Computer Assisted Personal Interviews

  • directly key in respondent’s answers into computer
  • ensure quality & speed
28
Q

Practicality considerations when using mail/email to delivery questionnaires (3)

A
  1. Accessibility of sample
    - req specific emails/mailing address
  2. Low response rate (5-30%)
  3. Think of ways to increase response rate
    eg incentives, provide return envelope with postage, reminders, deadlines
29
Q

Practicality considerations when using telephone interviews (2)

A
  1. Accessibility of sample
    - req contact details
  2. Good response rate (65-75%)
30
Q

Practicality considerations when using in-persons interviews (2)

A
  1. Accessibility of sample
    - req locations of sample
  2. Good response rate (70-80%)
31
Q

Turn Around Time (TAT)

A

= (no. of surveys to be collected x duration of each interview) / (no. of interviewers x no. of hours each interviewers works per day)

32
Q

Census

A

Entire population

33
Q

Sampling

A
  • a subset of the population
34
Q

Sample size calculations for Questionnaires (2)

A

=/ sample size calculator for clinical trials

  1. Cochran’s formula
    - large sample size
    - small sample size (>5%)
  2. Yamane’s formula
    - fixed 95% CI
    - p=0.5
35
Q

Cochran’s formula (large population)

A

no = [(Z^2)(pq)] / (e^2)

no = sample size calculated
Z = Z score of normal distribution = 1.96 at 95% CI
p = estimated proportion of an attribute that is present in the population
= 0.5 (if unknown)
q = 1-p
e = desired level of precision
= 0.05

36
Q

Cochran’s formula (small population)

A
  • when no/N > 5%

n = no / [1+[(no-1)/N]]

n = sample size for small population
no = sample size calculated for large population
N = population size
37
Q

Yamane’s formula

A
  • assuming 95% CI and p=0.5

n = N / [1+N(e^2)]

n = sample size calculated
N = population size
e = desired level of precision
= 0.05

38
Q

Types of sampling (2)

A
  1. Random / Probability sampling

2. Non-random / Non-probability sampling

39
Q

Types of Random / Probability sampling methods (4)

A
  1. Simple random sampling
  2. Systematic random sampling
  3. Stratified random sampling
  4. Cluster sampling
40
Q

Types of Non-random / Non-probability sampling (3)

A
  1. Convenience sampling
  2. Quota sampling
  3. Snow-ball sampling
41
Q

Simple random sampling (2)

A
  • every subject has an equal probability of being selected

- req a full list

42
Q

Systematic random sampling (4)

A
  • req a full list
  • generate a random number to determine the _th item to select
  • generate another random number from 1 to _ to determine the starting number
  • _ is determined by dividing population size by desired sample size
43
Q

Stratified random sampling (2)

A
  • divide population into relevant strata

- random sampling from each strata

44
Q

Cluster sampling (3)

A
  • divide populations into clusters
  • randomly select a subset of clusters
  • all units or random sample units within subset of clusters are surveyed
45
Q

Convenience sampling

A
  • select participants whom access is easy
46
Q

Quota sampling

A
  • reserve a certain proportion of participants to particular types of people
    eg gender
47
Q

Snow-ball sampling (2)

A
  • selected participants nominate others whom they know could be interviewed
  • good to use if target population is difficult to be identified / accessed
    eg drug addicts
48
Q

Secondary data sources (6)

A
  1. Prescription/medical & dispensing records
  2. Registry data
  • *
    3. Claims databases
    4. Cross-sectional survey data
    5. Large prospective cohort data
    6. Spontaneous reporting / surveillance data
49
Q

Data sources with either exposure data or outcomes data only (2)

A
  • req record linkage
    eg via IC
  • combining the information from both data belonging to same individual into one record so that the same person is counted only once
50
Q

Strengths of medical/prescription/dispensing records (7)

A
  1. Clinical data available
    eg labs
  2. Best source for disease outcome
  3. Efficient
    - data already collected, large sample size & long follow up data
  4. Prospectively collected data
  5. Detailed information on medical records
  6. Can study many drugs in relation to many outcomes
  7. Can conduct nested case-control studies
51
Q

Limitations of medical/prescription/dispensing records (5)

A
  1. Compliance to medication unknown
  2. Non-prescription drugs missed
    eg OTC & GSL
  3. Diagnosis based on codes / texts
  4. Incomplete information about habits, past history & other potential confounders
  5. Uncertain completeness of data from other physicians & sites of care
    - incomplete data
52
Q

Types of registry data (2)

A
  1. National Registry of Disease Office (NRDO)
    - cancer
    - renal
    - stroke
    - acute myocardial infarction
    - donor care (liver & renal)
  2. Drug use registry
    eg pregnancy registries for anti-epileptic drug use
53
Q

Strengths of registry data (4)

A
  1. Details & systematically collected clinical data
  2. Representative of patients / drug users
  3. Inexpensive if data already available
  4. High reliability of data
    - periodic audits
54
Q

Limitations of registry data (4)

A
  1. Minimal information on drug use
  2. No appropriate control or comparison groups
    - can use other drug users as a comparison or other disease as a control
  3. Expensive if data not readily available & have to create one
  4. Missing data
55
Q

Considerations in collecting/using secondary data for use (4)

A
  1. Reliability
    - data collection process
    - reproducibility
  2. Suitability
    - can the data collected answer the research question
  3. Adequacy of data
    - completeness of data
  4. Ethical considerations of data use
    - may involve IRB
    - PDPA
    - de-identification of data

EPI PR3144 (24 decks)

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