DAT Booster Biology Practice Exam 9 Flashcards
Mucous cells secrete
mucous which serves to protect the lining of the stomach from the highly acidic juices of the stomach.
Parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid, which denatures proteins and kills bacteria.
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen and gastric lipase
G cells secrete t
hormone gastrin.
gastrin stimulates
parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid which activates the pepsinogen to pepsin
Pepsin then digests proteins found in food.
goblet cells
found within the small intestine where they secrete mucous as a protective layer.
Which of the following structure of a bird embryo is used to store uric acid and is later used for gas exchange?
allantois
Which of the following is dominated by the gametophyte generation?
mosses
bryophytes
non-vascular plants
true mosses
dominated by gametophyte
tracheophytes
vascular plants
dominated by the sporophyte phase
bryophytes examples
mosses
liverworts
hornworts
lycophyta
club mosses, spoke mosses, quillworts
pterophyta
ferns and horsetails
coniferophyta
conifers
anthophyta
flowering plants
Which one of the following features are found in all members of Class Mammalia?
diaphragm
High blood pressure is a condition in which the long-term force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may cause health problems. Which of the following can counteract high blood pressure?
decreased aldosterone
Blood pressure can be thoroughly regulated via the
kidneys
aldosterone,
released from the adrenal cortex
released in response to low filtrate sodium levels, and its effects include increased sodium reabsorption.
causes water to osmotically re-enter renal blood vessels and increase blood pressure. Therefore, high blood pressure can be rectified by decreasing aldosterone release.
Which of the following structures produce epinephrine?
adrenal medulla
adrenal medulla, the inner layer of the adrenal gland, is responsible for the production of
catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine (also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline).
catecholamines are involved in the
“fight or flight” response.
A zoologist travels to different biome communities, keeping track of how many members of different species she encounters. For example, in a forest community, she notes that there are 50 bears, 20 squirrels, and 10 beavers so she writes Forest: 50, 20, 10. She does this for several more biomes. Which biome community demonstrates the most species diversity?
Desert: 20, 20, 20, 20, 20
Biological diversity or biodiversity describes both the richness and evenness of a community. The richness of a community describes the number of different species present without regard for their population count. The evenness of a community describes the relative population size of each species in a community. For example, consider a community with 1000 species A and 2000 species B, and another community with 1500 species A and 1500 species B. The two communities have the same richness because they both have 2 different species. However, the second community exhibits greater evenness because both species are present in 50% abundance in contrast to the 33% and 66% distribution found in the first community.
Speciation due to factors such as balanced polymorphism, hybridization, and polyploidy can be categorized as ____________.
Sympatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
speciation that occurs when two groups of the same species live in the same geographic location, but they evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed and are considered different species.
mainly due to genetic factors such as balanced polymorphism (heterozygous advantage), hybridization (hybrids diverge from parents), and polyploidy (more than 2 sets of chromosomes).
allopatric speciation
speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated due to geographical changes such as mountain buildings, or social changes such as emigration. It is important to remember that allopatric speciation is geographically related, while sympatric speciation is not.
The first living organisms to appear on Earth were __________.
Heterotrophic prokaryotes
Which of the following is the primary feedback regulatory mechanism of the hypothalamus to maintain homeostasis?
negative feedback
Golgi apparatus - Protein processing
has many folds; typically there are five to eight folds, identical to the microscopy photo shown in this question. The organelle also has a cis-Golgi and trans-Golgi network, as shown in the image below. Vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum fuse with the cis-Golgi network and subsequently progress through the organelle to the trans-Golgi network, where they are packaged and sent to the required destination.
What hormones produce female secondary sex characteristics?
LH and FSH
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are released by
the anterior pituitary in both males and females.
FSH stimulates the follicles in the ovaries to mature while releasing
estradiol (most abundant estrogen hormone)
the surge in estradiol causes an LH surge that triggers ovulation to release the
mature egg from the ovary into the Fallopian tube.
The primary and tertiary structure of a protein is determined by which of the following, respectively?
mRNA sequence; interactions of R-groups
Where does the electron transport chain take place in chloroplast?
thylakoid membrane
light-dependent reactions and the associated electron transport chain occur on the
thylakoid membrane
Protons are actively pumped inwards from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen via proteins on the thylakoid membrane.
The intracellular transportation of substances is primarily accomplished by _________________.
kinesin and microtubules
A certain bacteria were found to release endotoxins after its cell membrane was destroyed. What else would be true of this bacterium?
contains an outer membrane
What characteristics do all organisms in the kingdom monera share?
lack mitochondria
All organisms are classified into five kingdoms:
monera
protista
fungi
plantae
animalia.
Monera:
This kingdom includes all (and only) prokaryotic organisms. Some characteristics of prokaryotes include being unicellular, having a cell wall made of murein (peptidoglycan), and being either heterotrophic or autotrophic. Examples of organisms in kingdom monera are bacteria and cyanobacteria.
Protista:
This kingdom includes simple eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular. Some share similar characteristics with organisms in kingdom animalia, plantae, or fungi. They can be heterotrophic or autotrophic. Some examples of protists are algae, plankton, and slime molds.
Fungi:
This kingdom includes heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms that have a cell wall made of chitin. Some examples of fungi are mushrooms, yeasts, and molds.
Plantae:
This kingdom includes multicellular eukaryotic organisms that have a cell wall made of cellulose. Most plants are capable of photosynthesis and are therefore mostly autotrophic. Some examples of plants are trees, shrubs, and flowering plants
Animalia:
This kingdom includes multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic; also, the cells of an animal all lack a cell wall. Most animals require oxygen and the consumption of organic material to produce energy via cellular respiration. Examples of animals include insects, mollusks, and crustaceans.
To initiate a muscle contraction, a sharp increase in which of the following would first be observed in the cytosol of the post-synaptic cell?
calcium
muscle contracts
pre-synaptic neuron releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction causing an action potential to occur.
This action potential eventually reaches the cell membrane invaginations known as T tubules, which trigger the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, an endoplasmic reticulum modification.
The Ca2+ binds to troponin which causes it to move the attached tropomyosin strands out of the way of myosin-binding sites on actin.
myosin can form a cross-bridge with the actin and complete a power stroke.
causes both bronchodilation and vasoconstriction of his arterioles.
epinephrine
A zygote undergoes radial cleavage, forming a 2 cell embryo. These 2 cells are then split apart and their development is observed. The result would be __________.
2 normal, independently viable organisms
If there is a lack of UV exposure on the skin, which of the following would be found at low levels?
Vitamin D
A decreased concentration of blood plasma proteins would result in __________.
Greater lymph volume
A runner is struck by a car, resulting in a bruised elbow and torn anterior cruciate ligament. Which of the following structures would no longer be connected?
femur bone and tibia bone
ligaments
connect bone to other bones
tendons
bone to muscle
Which of the following enzymes is a protease?
chrmotrypsin
Proteases/Peptidases catalyze
the breakdown of proteins into small chains or single-unit amino acids.
Chymotrypsin
protease that is released by the pancreas as chymotrypsinogen. Chymotrypsinogen is the inactive precursor (zymogen) of chymotrypsin that becomes activated in the presence of trypsin.
Which of the following most accurately describes Lamarck’s theory?
Use and disuse determine which traits develop and pass on to offspring
Observation of nitrogen fixation would best occur by analyzing which of the following?
root nodules
An earthquake splits an island in half, separating a species. Which of the following would occur?
Allopatric speciation
Allopatric speciation
formation of new species, speciation, due to reproductive isolation resulting from a geographic barrier.
Glutamate
major excitatory neurotransmitter that plays a dominant role in the central nervous system.
GABA
is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
Serotonin
Inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain that plays many roles including memory and mood
Dopamine –
plays a role in reward-motivated behavior
Glycine
Inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain that participates in the processing of motor and sensory information that permits movement, vision, and audition
An organism is 2N = 16. What will the chromosome and chromatid count be in each cell after Meiosis I has completed?
8 and 16
What is the site of eukaryotic ribosome synthesis?
nucleolus
Which of the following are diseases of bacterial origin?
Tuberculosis, Gonorrhea, Lyme Disease
protozoa infections
malaria
viral diseases
◦ AIDS (HIV)
◦ Chicken Pox
◦ Influenza (Influenza virus)
◦ Polio (Poliovirus)
◦ West Nile (West Nile virus)
◦ SARS (SARS virus)
Fungal Diseases:
athlete’s foot
Parasympathetic activation causes which of the following?
Contraction of the bladder
autonomic nervous system can be divided into two groups
parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system is associated with
fight or flight
The sympathetic nervous system
increases heart rate, can both dilate and constrict blood vessels (to redirect blood flow), dilate bronchi and bronchioles, increase glycogenolysis (the conversion of glycogen to glucose for energy), and inhibit digestion, urination, and salivary secretion.
parasympathetic nervous system
works to activate the “rest and digest” state. This means increasing activity in organs responsible for digestion and excretion. Therefore, it causes contraction of the bladder, relaxes muscles, lowers heart rate, and increases gastrointestinal activity
Which of the following best describes the tertiary structure of a protein?
The polypeptide chain folding and interacting with itself through side group interactions
Cerebellum
controls fine motor movement and balance functions.
Thalamus –
thalamus is the relay center of the brain. The thalamus receives sensory information from the spinal cord and relays it to the designated areas of the brain.
Amygdala
amygdala plays a key role in emotional memory consolidation. The amygdala also controls emotions like fear and aggression.
Hippocampus –
responsible for memory consolidation and spatial awareness/navigation.
Which organelle is responsible for protein glycosylation?
Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus is responsible for both the modification and packaging of proteins for transport.
A study has found that height is affected by over 400 genes. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?
Polygenic inheritance
Polygenic inheritance
occurs when one phenotype is controlled by two or more genes with a continuous variation.
. For example, height, skin color, hair color, etc., are controlled not just by one gene, but rather, by multiple (often many) genes that each partly contribute to the overall outcome.
Which one of these would be seen in an inefficient respiratory system?
open circulatory system
Which of the following describes the asexual reproduction and development of an embryo without egg fertilization?
Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis
form of asexual reproduction in which the growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. In animals, parthenogenesis refers to the process by which the development of an embryo originates from an unfertilized egg cell, as shown in the image below. It is commonly used by nematodes to create offspring.
The portion of an allele that codes for a protein product is found where in a gene?
Open reading frame
The presence of cyanobacteria in the early Earth allowed for the emergence of which of the following?
aerobic organisms
Which molecules are created as a result of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis?
NADPH, O2, ATP
Lysis of a cell lacking a cell wall would most likely result from which type of aqueous environment?
hypotonic
Which cellular process can occur in an anaerobic environment?
glycolysis
Glycolysis is the only phase of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen to proceed.
If oxygen were not present, the resulting pyruvate from glycolysis will regenerate
NAD+ through a process known as ‘fermentation’.
