dale says REVIEW Flashcards
RSF vs. LSF
RSF: caused by LSF
cor pulmonale
RSF in the presence of hypertension (RSF secondary to pulmonary htn), will eventually lead to LSF
renal hormones
erythropoietin (EPO): secreted by the kidneys to mature RBCs
renin: forms a part of the RASS system, secreted when the portal bp decreases
RASS system
kidneys produce renin, and the liver produces angiotensengen… those two combine to form angiotensin 1, which combines with ACE from the lungs to angiotensin 2, which stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal cortex
pituitary gland
primary director of the endocrine system, releases hormone-releasing hormones (the ones the pituitary releases tells other things what to release)
pituitary hormones
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
growth hormone (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
oxytocin
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
cortisol stimulation from the adrenal cortex
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates sperm and estrogen production
luteinizing hormone (LH)
stimulates ovulation and testosterone production
growth hormone (GH)
“it’s just growth, it is what it is” - mazzario
prolactin (PRL)
milk production
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
metabolism and energy by stimulating the thyroid to release T3 & T4
oxytocin
primarily has to do with the progression of labor
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
regulates water retention and balance, affecting bp and cellular hydration
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
regulates involuntary bodily functions, like heart rate, breathing, digestion, pupil size, etc.
separated into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
sympathetic nervous system
“fight or flight,” increases body system activities
aka adrenergic system
neurotransmitter is norepinephrine
parasympathetic nervous system
“rest and digest,” maintains vegetative state and normal body activity
aka cholinergic system
neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
endocrine system
regulates functions of the body and maintains homeostasis throughout the body through the release of hormones
endocrine glands
release hormones directly into the bloodstream
exocrine glands
release hormones via ducts
ie. sweat glands, salivary glands
thyroid
controls metabolism through the release of T3 and T4
primary conditions: Hashimoto’s (a version of hypothyroidism), myxedema (another form of hypothyroidism), and Grave’s (hyperthyroidism)
Hashimoto’s Disease
a version of hypothyroidism, autoimmune disease, most commonly found in women
characterized by weight gain, puffy face, dry hair, mood disorder
Grave’s Disease
symptomatic hyperthyroidism
characterized by anxiety, fidgety, intolerance to heat, tachycardia, htn
parathyroid
raises calcium levels through the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH), stimulated by chemoreceptors
menstrual cycle
occurs during the years between puberty and menopause, prep for possible pregnancy, hormone-driven events and bodily changes occur over a period of around 28 days
ovarian cycle
three stages:
follicular - maturation of the ovarian follicle and secretion of estrogen
ovulation - release of egg (every 28 days)
luteal - formation of corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone
first stage of labor
begins with the start of labor
ends with dilatation of cervix
second stage of labor
begins with dilatation of cervix
ends with delivery of baby
third stage of labor
begins with delivery of baby
ends with delivery of placenta
fourth stage of labor
begins with delivery of placenta
ends with cessation of birthing process
(basically when the baby and placenta are both out)
frontal (coronal) plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior
transverse plane
divides the body into superior and inferior
sagittal plane
divides the body into L and R
midsagittal plane
divides the body at the midline of the L or R side
blood flow through the heart
in through the inferior and superior vena cava ->
right atrium ->
tricuspid ->
right ventricle ->
pulmonic valve ->
pulmonic artery ->
lungs ->
pulmonic vein ->
left atrium ->
mitral (bicuspid) valve ->
left ventricle ->
aortic valve ->
aorta
da na!
remember valves with Toilet Paper My A** (Tricuspid, Pulmonic, Mitral, Aortic)
right coronary artery (RCA)
feeds the SA and AV node, right atrium, and right ventricle
bifurcates into the posterior descending artery and RCA just past the SA/AV node
left coronary artery (LCA)
feeds the whole f*cking left side of the heart
bifurcates into the left anterior descending (LAD) and the circumflex
left anterior descending (LAD)
feeds the septum and a portion of the left ventricle
circumflex
feeds the left atrium and a portion of the left ventricle
intrinsic rates of the heart
SA node: 60-100
AV node: 40-60
purkinje fibers: 20-40
chronic emphysema
type of COPD
“pink puffer”
alveolar disease where the alveoli collapse and fail, chronically hypercarbic, develops polycythemia (more red blood cells) to compensate for hypoxia
s/s include barrel chest, Kussmaul’s signs and pulsus paradoxus
chronic bronchitis
type of COPD
“blue bloater”
caused by high mucus production and destruction of goblet cells, number one cause is smoking
s/s include JVD, peripheral edema, hypercarbia
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
right upper quadrant pain (RUQ)
happens after eating a fatty meal, person can become jaundice (a result of bile)
Murphy’s Sign
indicative of cholecystitis
occurs one inch to the right of the xyphoid process
diverticulitis
inflammation of the pouches of the large intestine (diverticulum)
left lower quadrant pain (LLQ)
fever, vomiting, diarrhea, are all indicative, can cause sepsis
