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CFD/UC Paramedic Class 2023 > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

anterior/ventral

A

toward the front

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2
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

toward the back

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3
Q

superior

A

above

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4
Q

inferior

A

below

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5
Q

superficial

A

near the surface

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6
Q

medial

A

inside (towards the body)

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7
Q

lateral

A

outside (away from the body)

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8
Q

proximal

A

near the center of the body or point of attachment

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9
Q

distal

A

away from the center of the body or point of attachment

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10
Q

supine

A

lying on back

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11
Q

prone

A

lying on stomach

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12
Q

adduction

A

movement of a limb toward midline of the body

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13
Q

abduction

A

movement of a limb away from midline of the body

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14
Q

flexion

A

act of bending a joint

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15
Q

extension

A

straightening of a joint

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16
Q

cells

A

foundation/building blocks of the human body (body composed of billions of cells)
cells work together to maintain homeostasis

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17
Q

homeostasis

A

the stability of the body’s normal environment/conditions

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18
Q

lysosomes

A

garbage collection site of cell
breaks down debris and bacteria that has entered the cell

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19
Q

nucleus

A

largest structure in the cell
serves as control center of the cell, contains DNA

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20
Q

cytoplasm

A

gel-like material that all cellular components rest in
“floor” of the cell

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21
Q

cytosol

A

fluid portion of the cytoplasm, consists mostly of water

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22
Q

golgi apparatus

A

assists with formation of carbohydrates (sugars) and protein molecules (enzymes)

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23
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of tubes, vesicles, and sacs. rough ER builds proteins
smooth ER builds lipids (fats)

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24
Q

mitochondrion

A

the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell
where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced

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25
Q

tissues

A

a group of cells that work together
4 main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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26
Q

epithelial tissue

A

cover body surfaces - skin internal organs, makes up glands

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27
Q

connective tissue

A

binds (connects) different types of tissues together
three types: loose, dense regular, dense irregular

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28
Q

muscle

A

striated -> skeletal or cardiac muscle

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29
Q

nervous tissue

A

body’s principle control system
specialized to conduct messages to one another in order to prompt a particular response

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30
Q

dendrites

A

receive chemical messages from other neurons - messages then converted into impulses

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31
Q

soma

A

central cell body

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32
Q

axon

A

sends messages (impulses) to other neurons

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33
Q

synapse

A

small gaps that separate neurons (between axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the other)

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34
Q

axon terminal

A

buds at the end of the the axon from which chemical messages (impulses) are sent

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35
Q

cranium

A

rigid and fixed in place structure of the skull

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36
Q

foramen magnum

A

largest opening of the skull
where spinal cord exits
site of brainstem herniation

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37
Q

cribriform plate

A

inferior aspect of the skull (base)
rough surface
where brain can easily be injured

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38
Q

meninges

A

main job is to protect, or ‘PAD’
Pia mater - inner most layer, directly on CNS
Arachnoid mater - middle layer, web-like (arachnoid = spider)
Dura mater - outermost layer, ‘durable’

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39
Q

auto-regulation in the spinal cord

A

changes in ICP result in compensation
increased ICP - increased BP (ICP rises higher, BP then rises)

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40
Q

Monroe-Kellie Doctrine

A

expanding mass inside cranial vault, displaces CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
if pressure increases, brain tissue is displaced

41
Q

total number of vertebrae in spine

A

33

42
Q

cervical spine

A

most superior section of the spinal cord
7 vertebrae
sole support for the head

43
Q

C1

A

atlas
supports the head, securely affixed to the occiput, permits nodding

44
Q

thoracic spine

A

inferior to cervical, superior to lumbar
12 vertebrae
larger and stronger than cervical spine, larger muscles help to ensure body stays erect, supports movement of thoracic cage during respirations

44
Q

C2

A

axis
odontoid process (dens), projects upward, provides pivot point so head can rotate

45
Q

lumbar spine

A

inferior to thoracic, superior to sacral
5 vertebrae
largest and thickest vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs, bear forces of bending and lifting above the pelvis

46
Q

sacral spine

A

inferior to lumbar, superior to coccyx
5 fused vertebrae
form posterior plate of pelvis, attaches pelvis and lower extremities to axial skeleton, helps protect urinary and reproductive organs

47
Q

coccyx spine

A

most inferior section of spinal cord
3-5 fused vertebrae
residue elements of a tail

48
Q

dermatomes

A

topographical region of the body surface innervated by one nerve root
sensory deficits occur in the regions that correspond to the particular nerve root
key locations: collar region (C3), little finger (C7), nipple line (T4), umbilicus (T10), small toe (S1)

49
Q

layers of the skin (starting with most superficial layer)

A

epidermis (outermost layer)
dermis (mid layer)
subcutaneous (inner layer)

50
Q

ejection fraction

A

% of blood ejected
normally, 67% of ventricular blood is ejected with each contraction
normal ‘EF’ is 55 - 70%

51
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected (mL)
60 - 100 mL, average is 70 mL
dependent on… preload (venous return), cardiac contractility (isotropy and dromotropy), afterload (systemic vascular resistance)

52
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute
CO = SV x HR

53
Q

heart anatomy (in relation to the body)

A

center of chest in mediastinum
2/3 of mass is left of the midline
muscular organ, size of pt’s closed fist

54
Q

valve order (way to remember)

A

“Toilet Paper My Ass”
T: Tricuspid
P: Pulmonary
M: Mitral
A: Aortic

55
Q

three layers of the heart muscle (innermost to outermost)

A

Endocardium - INnermost layer
Myocardium - Middle layer
Peri/Epicardium - outermost layer (‘peri’/’epi’ mean ‘around’ and ‘on top of’)

56
Q

pericardium

A

protective sac around the heart (most commonly talked about in cardiac tamponade)
visceral - innermost lining of the sac (‘visceral to the vasculature’), 25 mL of pericardial fluid
parietal - second (middle) lining of sac
fibrous - outermost lining, external covering of the parietal pericardium

57
Q

atria

A

two superior chambers, receive incoming blood

58
Q

R atrium receives blood from the

A

vena cava

59
Q

L atrium receives blood from the

A

pulmonary vein

60
Q

septum

A

interatrial septum - separates R and L atrium
inter ventricular septum - separated R and L ventricle

61
Q

ventricles

A

two inferior chambers, larger than the atria, pump blood out of the heart

62
Q

R ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through the

A

pulmonary artery

63
Q

L ventricle pumps blood to the body through the

A

aorta

64
Q

blood flow to the heart

A
  1. inferior and superior vena cava returns blood to the heart
  2. R atrium -> tricuspid valve
  3. R ventricle -> pulmonic valve -> pulmonary artery
  4. to the lungs -> pulmonary vein
  5. L atrium -> mitral valve
  6. L ventricle -> aortic valve
  7. aorta (largest artery in the body)
    - coronary arteries supply heart muscle and are fed off the aorta
  8. Body
65
Q

coronary arteries

A

originate at the opening of the aorta
perfused during diastole

66
Q

what happens during systole

A

the aortic valve opens up into the aorta, allowing blood to perfuse the aorta and then the rest of the body
when this happens, the aortic valve blocks the openings of the coronary arteries

67
Q

what happens during diastole

A

the aortic valve closes for ventricular filling, which allows the coronary arteries to receive the oxygenated blood remaining in the aorta

68
Q

left coronary artery

A

supplies the L ventricle, interventricular septum, part of the R ventricle, and the heart’s conduction system
two major branches: left anterior descending, left circumflex

69
Q

right coronary artery

A

supplies portion of the R atrium, portion of R ventricle, and part of the conduction system
two major branches: posterior descending, marginal branch

70
Q

collateral circulation

A

protective mechanism providing alternative path for blood flow in event of blockage

71
Q

peripheral circulation

A

walls of the arteries and veins are composed of three layers
tunica INtima = INner most lining of the vessel
tunica Media = Middle layer of the vessel, elastic fibers and muscle (gives vessels strength and allows for recoil, thickest in arteries due to high pressures)
tunica adventitia = outermost lining, fibrous covering (gives strength to withstand cardiac contraction)

72
Q

circulatory system (pathway)

A

heart -> aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> vena cava -> heart (repeat)

73
Q

diastole

A

first phase, resting/relaxation phase

74
Q

systole

A

second phase, contraction/pumping phase

75
Q

cardiac cycle

A

diastole -> atrial systole -> ventricular systole -> diastole (repeat)

76
Q

what does cardiac axis tell us

A

which portion (or area) of the heart is requiring the most amount of energy (or depolarization)

77
Q

extreme right axis deviation

A

R atrium
v-tach, sever hyperkalemia, PVCs, severe R ventricular hypertrophy

78
Q

right axis deviation

A

R ventricle
R ventricular hypertrophy, COPD, pulmonary embolism, lateral MI, hyperkalemia, WPW, dextrocardia

79
Q

L axis deviation

A

L atrium
L ventricular hypertrophy
L bundle branch block
R bundle branch block
inferior MI
WPW

80
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

provides nearly every organ with a double set of nerve fibers

81
Q

sympathetic

A

adrenergic
fibers exit from thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord

82
Q

parasympathetic

A

cholinergic
fibers exit from cranial and sacral portions of spinal cord

83
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system also known as?

A

cholinergic system or craniosacral system

84
Q

function of the parasympathetic system

A

maintain vegetative state, normal body activity (rest & digest, after the tiger that was chasing you runs the other way)

85
Q

neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

acetylcholine

86
Q

major nerve in the parasympathetic system

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

87
Q

deactivating enzyme in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

acetylcholinesterase

88
Q

a way to remember neurotransmitter and major nerve in parasympathetic nervous system

A

“para aces in vagus”

89
Q

action of parasympatholytic

A

blocks effects of the parasympathetic nervous system (ie. atropine)

90
Q

meaning of ‘lytic’

A

block

91
Q

what is the sympathetic system also known as?

A

adrenergic system or thoracolumbar system

92
Q

function of the sympathetic system

A

increases body system activities (fight or flight, when the tiger appears and starts chasing you)

93
Q

neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system

A

norepinephrine

94
Q

deactivating enzymes in the sympathetic nervous system

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO)
catechol-o-methytransferase (COMT)

95
Q

action of sympathomimetic

A

mimics effects of the sympathetic nervous system (ie. epinephrine)

96
Q

meaning of ‘mimetic’

A

mimics

97
Q

two types of receptors in the sympathetic nervous system

A

alpha-adrenergic (1&2)
beta-adrenergic (1&2)

CFD/UC Paramedic Class 2023 (4 decks)

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