Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
anterior/ventral
toward the front
posterior/dorsal
toward the back
superior
above
inferior
below
superficial
near the surface
medial
inside (towards the body)
lateral
outside (away from the body)
proximal
near the center of the body or point of attachment
distal
away from the center of the body or point of attachment
supine
lying on back
prone
lying on stomach
adduction
movement of a limb toward midline of the body
abduction
movement of a limb away from midline of the body
flexion
act of bending a joint
extension
straightening of a joint
cells
foundation/building blocks of the human body (body composed of billions of cells)
cells work together to maintain homeostasis
homeostasis
the stability of the body’s normal environment/conditions
lysosomes
garbage collection site of cell
breaks down debris and bacteria that has entered the cell
nucleus
largest structure in the cell
serves as control center of the cell, contains DNA
cytoplasm
gel-like material that all cellular components rest in
“floor” of the cell
cytosol
fluid portion of the cytoplasm, consists mostly of water
golgi apparatus
assists with formation of carbohydrates (sugars) and protein molecules (enzymes)
endoplasmic reticulum
network of tubes, vesicles, and sacs. rough ER builds proteins
smooth ER builds lipids (fats)
mitochondrion
the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell
where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced
tissues
a group of cells that work together
4 main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
epithelial tissue
cover body surfaces - skin internal organs, makes up glands
connective tissue
binds (connects) different types of tissues together
three types: loose, dense regular, dense irregular
muscle
striated -> skeletal or cardiac muscle
nervous tissue
body’s principle control system
specialized to conduct messages to one another in order to prompt a particular response
dendrites
receive chemical messages from other neurons - messages then converted into impulses
soma
central cell body
axon
sends messages (impulses) to other neurons
synapse
small gaps that separate neurons (between axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the other)
axon terminal
buds at the end of the the axon from which chemical messages (impulses) are sent
cranium
rigid and fixed in place structure of the skull
foramen magnum
largest opening of the skull
where spinal cord exits
site of brainstem herniation
cribriform plate
inferior aspect of the skull (base)
rough surface
where brain can easily be injured
meninges
main job is to protect, or ‘PAD’
Pia mater - inner most layer, directly on CNS
Arachnoid mater - middle layer, web-like (arachnoid = spider)
Dura mater - outermost layer, ‘durable’
auto-regulation in the spinal cord
changes in ICP result in compensation
increased ICP - increased BP (ICP rises higher, BP then rises)
Monroe-Kellie Doctrine
expanding mass inside cranial vault, displaces CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
if pressure increases, brain tissue is displaced
total number of vertebrae in spine
33
cervical spine
most superior section of the spinal cord
7 vertebrae
sole support for the head
C1
atlas
supports the head, securely affixed to the occiput, permits nodding
thoracic spine
inferior to cervical, superior to lumbar
12 vertebrae
larger and stronger than cervical spine, larger muscles help to ensure body stays erect, supports movement of thoracic cage during respirations
C2
axis
odontoid process (dens), projects upward, provides pivot point so head can rotate
lumbar spine
inferior to thoracic, superior to sacral
5 vertebrae
largest and thickest vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs, bear forces of bending and lifting above the pelvis
sacral spine
inferior to lumbar, superior to coccyx
5 fused vertebrae
form posterior plate of pelvis, attaches pelvis and lower extremities to axial skeleton, helps protect urinary and reproductive organs
coccyx spine
most inferior section of spinal cord
3-5 fused vertebrae
residue elements of a tail
dermatomes
topographical region of the body surface innervated by one nerve root
sensory deficits occur in the regions that correspond to the particular nerve root
key locations: collar region (C3), little finger (C7), nipple line (T4), umbilicus (T10), small toe (S1)
layers of the skin (starting with most superficial layer)
epidermis (outermost layer)
dermis (mid layer)
subcutaneous (inner layer)
ejection fraction
% of blood ejected
normally, 67% of ventricular blood is ejected with each contraction
normal ‘EF’ is 55 - 70%
stroke volume
volume of blood ejected (mL)
60 - 100 mL, average is 70 mL
dependent on… preload (venous return), cardiac contractility (isotropy and dromotropy), afterload (systemic vascular resistance)
cardiac output
volume of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute
CO = SV x HR
heart anatomy (in relation to the body)
center of chest in mediastinum
2/3 of mass is left of the midline
muscular organ, size of pt’s closed fist
valve order (way to remember)
“Toilet Paper My Ass”
T: Tricuspid
P: Pulmonary
M: Mitral
A: Aortic
three layers of the heart muscle (innermost to outermost)
Endocardium - INnermost layer
Myocardium - Middle layer
Peri/Epicardium - outermost layer (‘peri’/’epi’ mean ‘around’ and ‘on top of’)
pericardium
protective sac around the heart (most commonly talked about in cardiac tamponade)
visceral - innermost lining of the sac (‘visceral to the vasculature’), 25 mL of pericardial fluid
parietal - second (middle) lining of sac
fibrous - outermost lining, external covering of the parietal pericardium
atria
two superior chambers, receive incoming blood
R atrium receives blood from the
vena cava
L atrium receives blood from the
pulmonary vein
septum
interatrial septum - separates R and L atrium
inter ventricular septum - separated R and L ventricle
ventricles
two inferior chambers, larger than the atria, pump blood out of the heart
R ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through the
pulmonary artery
L ventricle pumps blood to the body through the
aorta
blood flow to the heart
- inferior and superior vena cava returns blood to the heart
- R atrium -> tricuspid valve
- R ventricle -> pulmonic valve -> pulmonary artery
- to the lungs -> pulmonary vein
- L atrium -> mitral valve
- L ventricle -> aortic valve
- aorta (largest artery in the body)
- coronary arteries supply heart muscle and are fed off the aorta - Body
coronary arteries
originate at the opening of the aorta
perfused during diastole
what happens during systole
the aortic valve opens up into the aorta, allowing blood to perfuse the aorta and then the rest of the body
when this happens, the aortic valve blocks the openings of the coronary arteries
what happens during diastole
the aortic valve closes for ventricular filling, which allows the coronary arteries to receive the oxygenated blood remaining in the aorta
left coronary artery
supplies the L ventricle, interventricular septum, part of the R ventricle, and the heart’s conduction system
two major branches: left anterior descending, left circumflex
right coronary artery
supplies portion of the R atrium, portion of R ventricle, and part of the conduction system
two major branches: posterior descending, marginal branch
collateral circulation
protective mechanism providing alternative path for blood flow in event of blockage
peripheral circulation
walls of the arteries and veins are composed of three layers
tunica INtima = INner most lining of the vessel
tunica Media = Middle layer of the vessel, elastic fibers and muscle (gives vessels strength and allows for recoil, thickest in arteries due to high pressures)
tunica adventitia = outermost lining, fibrous covering (gives strength to withstand cardiac contraction)
circulatory system (pathway)
heart -> aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> vena cava -> heart (repeat)
diastole
first phase, resting/relaxation phase
systole
second phase, contraction/pumping phase
cardiac cycle
diastole -> atrial systole -> ventricular systole -> diastole (repeat)
what does cardiac axis tell us
which portion (or area) of the heart is requiring the most amount of energy (or depolarization)
extreme right axis deviation
R atrium
v-tach, sever hyperkalemia, PVCs, severe R ventricular hypertrophy
right axis deviation
R ventricle
R ventricular hypertrophy, COPD, pulmonary embolism, lateral MI, hyperkalemia, WPW, dextrocardia
L axis deviation
L atrium
L ventricular hypertrophy
L bundle branch block
R bundle branch block
inferior MI
WPW
peripheral nervous system
provides nearly every organ with a double set of nerve fibers
sympathetic
adrenergic
fibers exit from thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
parasympathetic
cholinergic
fibers exit from cranial and sacral portions of spinal cord
what is the parasympathetic nervous system also known as?
cholinergic system or craniosacral system
function of the parasympathetic system
maintain vegetative state, normal body activity (rest & digest, after the tiger that was chasing you runs the other way)
neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine
major nerve in the parasympathetic system
vagus nerve (CN X)
deactivating enzyme in the parasympathetic nervous system
acetylcholinesterase
a way to remember neurotransmitter and major nerve in parasympathetic nervous system
“para aces in vagus”
action of parasympatholytic
blocks effects of the parasympathetic nervous system (ie. atropine)
meaning of ‘lytic’
block
what is the sympathetic system also known as?
adrenergic system or thoracolumbar system
function of the sympathetic system
increases body system activities (fight or flight, when the tiger appears and starts chasing you)
neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system
norepinephrine
deactivating enzymes in the sympathetic nervous system
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
catechol-o-methytransferase (COMT)
action of sympathomimetic
mimics effects of the sympathetic nervous system (ie. epinephrine)
meaning of ‘mimetic’
mimics
two types of receptors in the sympathetic nervous system
alpha-adrenergic (1&2)
beta-adrenergic (1&2)
