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Animals in Society > Dairy Industry > Flashcards

Dairy Industry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the aim of the dairy industry?

A

produce profitable milk that is safe to consume, form healthy cows kept under high welfare standards

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2
Q

how do you calculate profit

A

production x (price - cost)

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3
Q

what is the acceptable somatic cell count

A

150,000 - 200,000 cells/ml

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4
Q

what does low somatic cell count show

A

bacterial health
hygiene
udder health

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5
Q

how many times a day should a cow be milked?

A

2-3 times a day

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6
Q

name some different types of milking systems

A

side by side
herringbone
rotatory parlour
trigon parlour

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7
Q

what is the top 25% of farmers making per L of milk

A

5p/L

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8
Q

what is a milk cluster?

A

machine that pulsates on the teat to squeeze the milk out

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9
Q

what is the KPI for 1st calving age

A

2.1 year

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10
Q

what is the KPI for protein percentage

A

3.39%

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11
Q

what is the KPI for fat

A

4.17%

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12
Q

what is the cattle balance point?

A

Shoulder

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13
Q

how old is the cattle when it is bred?

A

15 months

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14
Q

what is the average cattle lifespand?

A

6 years

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15
Q

How long is cattle lactation?

A

10 months

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16
Q

what is buffer feeding?

A

giving any extra nutrients

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17
Q

what are cattle nutrient requirements

A

fibre + starch for energy
protein
Ca, P, Mg
vitamins
trace elements - vitamins + minerals ( Cu, Co, Vit E)

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18
Q

when does a cow become dry?
what are its dietary requirements?

A

last 60 days of gestation
hay, straw - fill rumen without excess energy
low in minerals

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19
Q

when does a cow become a transition cow
what are the dietary requirements?

A

3 weeks before birth to the 2nd week of lactation
more concentrates, higher energy to support rumen growth in calf
low potassium

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20
Q

how to calculate dry matter intake

A

2.5% of body weight + 10% milk yield

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21
Q

what is peripartum milk fever?

A

unable to adapt to increasing milk production.
So cannot metabolism enough metabolism for milk, means also becomes deficient in Ca for bones also.

leads metabolic disease (cows cant stand)

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22
Q

what is the purpose of Mg in Ca metabolism?

A

changes parathyroid hormone receptor to enable calcium metabolism from bone

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23
Q

how long is the cow oestrus cycle?

A

18-24 days

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24
Q

what are some signs of ovulation, and how can they be tracked?

A

stand to be mounted - tail paint (will be rubbed off) + heat mount detectors
increased activity - pedometers

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25
Q

what is the farmers rate of detecting heat (ovulation)

A

70%

26
Q

how is bull fertility measured?

A

physical exam
semen collection
semen evaluation

27
Q

what is profitable lifetime index?

A

the way to evaluate the best bull

28
Q

what is mastitis?

A

mammary gland infection

29
Q

what are the economic risks of mastitis

A

discarded milk
vet/ drug bills

30
Q

how can mastitis spread?

A

through milk clusters
the environment - lying in faeces

31
Q

how is mastitis treated in lactating cows?

A

intra-mammary antibiotics

32
Q

how is mastitis treated in dry cows?

A

internal mammary seal - OrbeSeal

33
Q

How can you prevent spread of mastitis?

A

good parlour hygiene:
wash and dry teat and milker

34
Q

what is lameness?

A

abnormality in a cows hoof

35
Q

what can cause lameness?

A

environment
nutrition
genetics
management

36
Q

what is parturition?

A

birth

37
Q

what are some post parturition protocols?

A

Naval iodine
weigh the calves
ear tags

38
Q

what are the rates of twinning?

A

5%

39
Q

what is the fat % in colostrum

A

6.7%

40
Q

what is the protein % in colostrum

A

14%

41
Q

how many g of immunoglobulins per L of colostrum

A

32 g/L

42
Q

how long after birth can cows absorb antibodies?

A

6 hours

43
Q

what are the 3 Qs when feeding colostrum

A

quality, quantity, quickly

44
Q

how can colostrum be quality checked?

A

with a Brix refractor
tested by a colostrometer

45
Q

what temperature should colostrum be fed at?

A

38 C (body temp)

46
Q

why cant colostrum be heated up?

A

heat will destroy the antibodies

47
Q

what temperature should colostrum be refrigerated at and for how long?

A

4 degrees C
24 hours

48
Q

how long can colostrum be frozen for?

A

1 year

49
Q

how should colostrum be stored?

A

in 1-2L zip lock bags

50
Q

how long do you feed transition milk?

A

3 days

51
Q

how much milk replacer is fed?
and at what temperature?

A

minimun 3L 2x a day
(150g/L)
fed at 40 degrees C

52
Q

how can milk replacer be fed?

A

Teat - allows oesophageal duct to close preventing milk from entering the rumen
computerised or adlib

53
Q

why would you use milk replacer powder?

A

cheaper then whole milk
less diseases transmission
consistent in nutrients/ protein

54
Q

what are the 2 types of milk replacer? and what are the differences?

A

Skim - expensive, butter/ cream byproduct
Whey - Cheese byproduct

55
Q

How does the rumen develope?

A

straw and concentrate diet for fibre and Volatile Fatty Acid production that aids in papillae development.

56
Q

when are calves weaned?

A

8-10 weeks

57
Q

what is diarrhoea is calves called?

A

Scours

58
Q

what are the advantages of single penning?

A

reduces diseased transmission
no bullying
prevent naval sucking

59
Q

what are the advantages of group penning?

A

can exhibit natural behaviours
can groom each other
cheaper

60
Q

what is heifer rearing?

A

the time to allow a heifer to reach full lactation

61
Q

how long is calf puberty?

A

3-10 months old

62
Q

what are the pre-weaning growth rates for healthy milk yields?

A

1kg a day

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