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RUSVM Nutrition > Dairy Cattle Nutrition > Flashcards

Dairy Cattle Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

gestation peroid

A

280 days

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2
Q

how long does lactation last

A

305 days

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3
Q

how long is the dry peroid

A

60 days

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4
Q

T/F dairy farms have births year round

A

true

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5
Q

how many lactations are dairy cows profitable for

A

3-5

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6
Q

when is peak lactation

A

weeks 4-10

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7
Q

T/F DMI decreases with lactation

A

false (increases)

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8
Q

how much of the total production cost is feed

A

40-50%

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9
Q

what is milk production limited by

A

genetic

environment

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10
Q

what are nutrients used for in dairy cows

A
  • Growth in the immature animal
  • Pregnancy (especially the last 3 months)
  • Fattening/Regaining normal weight lost during lactation
  • Maintenance
  • Lactation / Milk Production
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11
Q

T/F A cow in lactation and fed correctly will use 1⁄2 feed for maintenance and 1⁄2 feed for milk production

A

true

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12
Q

what is the basis of ration

A

roughages (pasture, hay, silage)

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13
Q

T/F dairy cattle need to be supplemented

A

true

concentrates, grains

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14
Q

moisture content of hay when bales

A

≤20%

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15
Q

T/F as green chop matures cow will eat less of it

A

true-less energy intake

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16
Q

what is one of the most popular roughages for dairy cattle

A

corn silage

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17
Q

what needs to be supplemented with corn silage

A

protein

minerals

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18
Q

what is straw

A

non-grain part of crops (wheats/oats)

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19
Q

what does straw add to the diet

A

fiber

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20
Q

T/F straw is a cheap alternative for feeding dry cows and older heifers

A

true

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21
Q

what is pasture ideal for

A

old heifers and dry cows

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22
Q

why is pasture not good for lactating cows

A

rarely get enough dry matter, get drops in production

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23
Q

if low what can be a limiting factor in milk production

A

energy content

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24
Q

how much TDN do grains contain

A

70-80%

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25
Q

T/F processed grains are less digestible

A

false (more digestible)

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26
Q

what can lead to acidosis

A

finely ground grain

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27
Q

what it the most commonly used grain

A

corn

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28
Q

T/F cows tend to feed better when there is corn in the ration

A

true

29
Q

what cereal has a higher protein content and lower energy content and digestability than corn

A

oats

30
Q

which 2 cereals should not make up more the 1/2 the grain ration

A

barely and wheat

31
Q

T/F quantity of protein is more important than quality

A

true

32
Q

what is corn gluten meal

A

by product of the wet milling of corn for starch and syrup

33
Q

lbs/head/day of corn gluten meal

A

5

34
Q

soybean meal

A
  • Excellent source of protein
  • Found in many supplements
  • Highly palatable
35
Q

sunflower meal

A
  • Good source of Protein and Phosphorus

* Less palatable

36
Q

linseed meal

A
  • Good protein supplement
  • Adds shine to hair coat – sale and show animals
  • Palatable but laxative
37
Q

cottonseed meal

A
  • High protein content

* Palatable but may cause constipation

38
Q

how much feed-grade urea can be added to a ration

A

no more 0.4 pound/head/day

39
Q

T/F Feed grade urea should be increased gradually

A

true - ruminal bacteria may adapt

40
Q

by products of food industry

A

alfalfa meal

beet pulp

citrus/tomato pulp

whole cottonseed

molasses

41
Q

Ca:P ratio

A

1.2:1 to 2:1

42
Q

what % of milk is water

A

85%

43
Q

T/F lactating cows need water in relation to size more than any farm animal

A

true

44
Q

pH of rumen

A

6.5

45
Q

what compounds do rumen microorganism digest

A

cellulose

hemicellulose

46
Q

what are the VFA found in ruminants

A

acetate, proprionate, butyrate

47
Q

advantages of rumen microorganisms

A
  • Microorganisms can convert inexpensive non-protein N sources into protein for animal use
  • Microorganisms can also make their own B vitamins
  • Microorganisms can also breakdown some toxins –> ruminant less affected by some poisonous plants
48
Q

disadvantages of rumen microorganisms

A
  • Feed eaten by the animal gets digested by the microorganisms before being absorbed by the animal
  • Sometimes Microorganisms will decrease the quality of the feed before the animal uses it (especially proteins)
49
Q

protein and energy guidelines for lactating dairy cows

A
  • Not more than 18-19% CP (Dry Matter basis) in early lactation
  • Gradually reduce to 13% CP (Dry Matter basis) in middle/late lactation
  • Total ration should contain 60-70% TDN = 0.6-0.8 Mcal net energy per pound of feed
50
Q

fiber guidelines

A
  • Forage is the basis of dairy feeding
  • High quality forages, if available, should be used, especially in early lactation
  • Feed cows 1.5-2.8 pounds of forage (Dry matter) per 100 pounds of liveweight
  • Fibre in the ration is needed to maintain milkfat
  • Minimum 15% Crude Fibre in the Diet
51
Q

carbohydrates guidelines

A

• Milk production and feed efficiency may be achieved by balancing the

amount of NDF and soluble carbohydrates (sugars and starches)

  • High level of soluble carbohydrates –> acidosis, low milk fat
  • Soluble Carbohydrates recommended at a level of 30-35%
  • NDF recommended at a minimum of 28%
  • ADF level of 19-21 % is recommended
52
Q

mineral guidelines

A

Concentrate mix should contain 0.5-1.0% salt and 1% should be a Calcium-Phosphorus supplement

53
Q

what are the most expensive part of the ration

A

grains and protein supplements

54
Q

what are the 4 feeding phases of dairy cows

A

Phase 1: Occurs during the first 70 days of lactation; Highest milk production

Phase 2: 70-140 days after calving; Decreasing milk production; Highest DM intake

Phase 3: 140-305 days after calving Continual decrease in milk production

Phase 4: Dry period (40-60 days) Beginning of new lactation period

55
Q

what are the feeding phases based on

A

milk production, fat test, DM intake, changes in BW

56
Q

what it the most critical feeding peroid

A

phase 1

rapid increase in milk production, max production 4 weeks after calving

57
Q

methods of feeding dairy cows

A
  • Traditional
  • Challenge or Lead Feeding
  • Total Mixed Rations
  • Automatic concentrate feeders
58
Q

major disadvantage to traditional feeding

A

low producing cows frequently overfed on concentrates

59
Q

when in challenge or lead feeding used

A

very small operations

high-producing dairy farms

60
Q

TMR

A

divided into groups according to production levels

very popular in modern dairy farms

61
Q

equipment needed for TMR

A

mixer blender unit

weighing device

62
Q

automatic concentrate feeders: 3 types

A

magnetic, electronic and transponder

63
Q

main goal of automatic concentrate feeders

A

allow high producing cows to have access to more concentrate

64
Q

T/F Colostrum proteins actively participate in the protection of the neonate against pathogens and other postpartum environmental challenges

A

true

65
Q

T/F protein absorption is mainly based on immunoglobulins in colostrum

A

true

66
Q

T/F colostrum is milk

A

false

67
Q

what regulates colostrum

A

hormones (estradiol and progesterone)

68
Q

how much colostrum does a dairy calf need

A
  • 1 gallon within 12 hours of birth
  • 2 quarts w/i 1 hr of birth and 2 by 12 hr later
  • Absolutely essential to avoid FAILURE OF PASSIVE TRANSFER
69
Q

Failure of passive transfer

A

discharges

polyarthritis

depressed

scours

RUSVM Nutrition (5 decks)

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