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Developmental Anatomy IP3 > DA4 > Flashcards

DA4 Flashcards

1
Q

What system is first to become functional in developing embryo?

A

Cardiovascular system

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2
Q

Cardiovascular system begins as paired condensations of splanchnic mesoderm called ______.

A

Cardiogenic fields

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3
Q

After cardiogenic fields develop, cells proliferate and differentiate into _______.

A

Angiogenic cell clusturs

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4
Q

Cells organize into cords then into paired ______.

A

Endocardial tubes

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5
Q

Inductive influences of _______ is essential for the development of the cardiovascular system.

A

Endoderm

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6
Q

Without the influence of the endoderm, what happens to the cardiovascular system?

A

Acardia - no heart develops

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7
Q

Body folding tubes fust to form single median ______.

A

Endocardial tube

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8
Q

Cardia bifida

A

Double heart, lethal conditions because none of the two hearts are functionally competent

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9
Q

The endocardial tube is temporarily connected to the dorsal wall by ______.

A

Dorsal mesocardium which will degenerate - it is only a temporary structure

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10
Q

The heart differentiates into four parts after the formation of the endocardial tube. List them from cranial to caudal.

A
  1. Bulbus cordis 2. Ventricle 3. Atrium 4. Sinus venosus
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11
Q

Formation of cardiac loop is determined by:

A
  1. Elongation of tube within restricted pericardium 2. degeneration of dorsal mesocardium 3. Anchorage of tube at both ends
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12
Q

The endocardial tube folds on itself to form the…..

A

Cardiac loop

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13
Q

The cardiac loop is formed by the cranial portion folding _________ and the caudal portion folding ________.

A

Cranial portion folds ventrocaudally and to the right. Caudal portion folds dorsocranially and to the left.

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14
Q

Formation of cardiac chambers are indicated by _____.

A

Local expansions

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15
Q

Formation of cardiac chambers is induced by _____.

A

Direction of blood flow; blood becomes shifted to the right

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16
Q

Formation of cardiac chambers is accomplished by the formation of _______.

A

Cardiac septa

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17
Q

Endocardium between two chambers proliferates to form ______

A

Endocardial cushions which divide AV canal into right and left canals

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18
Q

Endocardial cushions are remodeled by ______ of internal walls

A

Selective escavations

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19
Q

Partitioning of common atrium starts with the formation of ______, which is a ridge from the roof of the atrium extending towards cushions.

A

Septum Primum

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20
Q

The septum primum leaves temporary communication between atria, called _______.

A

Ostium primum

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21
Q

Before the septum primum fuses with cushions, its dorsal part degenerates to form _______.

A

Ostium secundum

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22
Q

During the formation of the septum secundum, the dosral part extends from the ______, and the ventral part extends from the ______.

A

Dorsal part extends from the roo of the atrium.

Ventral part extends from the cushions.

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23
Q

The dorsal and ventral parts of the septum secundum do not fuse before birth, so the two atria communicate via ______.

A

Foramen ovale

24
Q

When does the complete separatino of the two atria occur? And what structure forms as a result?

A

Complete separation of two atria occurs after birth by fusion of the two septa.

Fossa ovalis

25
Q

The partitioning of the common ventricle is accomplished by a myocardial ridge between ventricle and bublus cordis extending towards cushions called _____

A

Muscular septum

26
Q

Complete separation of ventricles occurs by formation of _______ from the ______.

A

Membranous septum from the cushions

27
Q

Paritioning of bulbus cordis consists of two parts:

A

Dilated part and narrow part (called conus cordis)

28
Q

The major dilated part of the bulbus cordis is incorportated into RV as the origin of _______. In the adult, this portion is called the ________.

A

Pulmonary trunk arteries

Conus arteriosus

29
Q

Partitioning of conus cordis maintains communication with ____

A

Both ventricles

30
Q

Partitioning of conus cordis is divided by paired ______ into two main channels _____ and ____.

A

Divided by paired conotruncal ridges into two main channels: aortic and pulmonary

31
Q

Formation of blood vessels form contemporaneously with the ______.

A

Heart

32
Q

Angiogenic cells _____ to heart form its cranial and caudal connections.

A

Lateral

33
Q

Angiogenic cells in _____ and _____ form extraembryonic vessels.

A

Yolk sac and allantois

34
Q

Proccesses involved in formation of blood vessels: vasculogenesis

A

Formation of vascular plexuses. Hemangioblasts of splanchnic mesoderm form blood islands. Blood islands connect to form the vascular plexuses.

35
Q

Vascular plexuses in the yolk sac are called:

A

Extraembryonic plexuses

36
Q

Vascular plexuses around forming organs are called _______.

A

Intraemryonic plexuses

37
Q

Cells of plexuses differentiate to _____ and ______.

A

Blood cells and vascular endothelium

38
Q

Proccesses involved in formation of blood vessels: Angiogenesis

A

Sprouting of blood vessels and remodeling of vascular plexuses

39
Q

Several organs produce _________ for vessel formation

A

Angiogenesis factors

40
Q

Arterial and venous differentiation is dependent on:

A

The amount and direction of blood flow (pressure differences)

41
Q

Arterial system is represented by paired:

A
  • Aortic arches
  • Dorsal aorta
  • Vitelline artery
  • umbilical artery
42
Q

Venous system represnted by paired:q

A
  • Cranial cardinal V
  • Caudal cardinal V
  • Vitelline V
  • Umbilical V
43
Q

Vitelline veins

A
  • Convey blood from yolk sac to heart
  • Within liver form hepatic sinusoids
  • Cranial patent portions form hepatic veins
  • Caudal patent portions form portal vein
44
Q

Vitelline arteries

A
  • Distribute blood from dorsal aortae to yolk sac
  • In adult - right ones form ventral, unpaired branches of aorta: bronchoesophageal artery, celiac artery, carnial and caudal mesenteric arteries
45
Q

Umbical veins convey oxygengated blood from placenta. The right umbilical vein obliterates and persists as the _______.

A

Round ligament of the liver

46
Q

Umbilical arteries return fetal blood to placenta. If they remain patent they will form ______, and if they collapse, they form _______.

A

Cranial vessicle arteries; round ligament of the bladder

47
Q

Aortic arches

A
  • Represent the arterial components of pharyngeal arches
  • Are formed in serial order
48
Q

Aortic arches: six pairs develop in vertebrate embryo but only which ones are retained?

A

3, 4, and 6

49
Q

The transofrmation of aortic arches accounts for establishment of definitive ________

A

arterial system

50
Q

Transformation of dosral aortae

A
  • Caudal to arch VI fuse to form adult aorta
  • In area of arches remain paired - extend to form internal carotid arteries
51
Q

Transformation of ventral aortae

A
  • They fuse near the heart
  • Their cranial extensions form external carotid arteries
  • between arches III and IV become common carotid arteries
52
Q

First two pairs of aortic arches ______.

A

Degenerate

53
Q

The fifth aortic arch …..

A

never forms or rapidly degenerates

54
Q

Transformation of arch III

A

Retained as connections between ventral aortae and internal carotid Aa.

55
Q

Transformation of arch IV

A
  • Left - forms adult aortic arch
  • Right - forms brachiocephalic trunk
56
Q

Transformation of arch VI

A
  • Poximal parts - form roots of pulmonary arteries
  • distal parts - right is lost, left becomes ductus arteriosus and in the adult the duct collapes to become fibrous tissue called ligamentus arteriosus

Developmental Anatomy IP3 (6 decks)

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