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Developmental Anatomy IP3 > DA1 > Flashcards

DA1 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Anatomy studies….

A

the development of complex, multicellular organisms

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2
Q

Development: ontogenetic

A

transformation of zygote into a new individual

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3
Q

Development: phylogenetic

A

transformation of simple to complex organisms

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4
Q

Challenges to development education:

A

-limited time -competition for “more important” courses -difficult subject matter for educators and unexposed students

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5
Q

Developmental stages: Embryo

A

-from time of fertilization to completion of organogenesis -most critical stage!!!!!

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6
Q

Developmental stages: organogenesis

A

the establishment of major organ primordia

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7
Q

Developmental stages: fetus

A

reminder of prenatal development devoted to growth, differentiation and maturation of body systems

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8
Q

Which domestic mammal has the longest gestation period?

A

Horse

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9
Q

What are the three stages of early development?

A
  1. Gametogenesis 2. Cleavage 3. Gastrulation
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10
Q

Gametogenesis

A

First phase of early development Differentiation and maturation of primordial germ cells into gametes

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11
Q

Origin of germ cells

A

Endoderm of the yolk sac

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12
Q

Oogenesis

A

Maturation of primordial germ cells into female gametes

  1. Oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes
  2. Primary oocytes enter meiosis I and remain in “resting” stage until sexual maturity
    • (many oogonia and primary oocytes undergo apoptosis)
    • At birth, only “resting” primary oocytes are found in the ovary
  3. Ovulatory hormones stimulate completion of meiosis I resulting in a haploid secondary oocyte and a polar body
  4. Ovulated secondary oocyte enters meiosis II, and completion of meiosis II occurs ONLY if fertilization occurs
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13
Q

Oogonia

A

primordial germ cells within female ebryonic gonad

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14
Q

Once oogonia mature into a female gamete (egg) via meiosis, what happens next?

A

They continue mitotic divisions in the ovary until birth, then they stop!

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15
Q

Oogenic meiosis is different than spermatogenic meiosis because….

A

two gametes have special attributes

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16
Q

In the dog and fox, primary oocytes are released at…..

A

ovulation

17
Q

Multinucleated ovarian follicles usually….

A

degenerate

18
Q

Age-related damage to oocytes

A

meiotic errors during “resting” stage

19
Q

Ovulation can either be _____ or _____.

A

Spontaneous or induced

20
Q

Meiosis

A

reduction-division process –> haploid cells

21
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Maturation of primordial germ cells into male gametes

  1. Spermatogonia continue mitosis then enter “resting” stage of meiosis I until puberty
  2. At puberty, spermatogonia differentiate into primary spermatocytes
  3. Meiosis I may be completed at any time resulting in two equal haploid secondary spermatocytes
  4. Secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis II –> four haploid spermatids
  5. Spermatids undergo spermiogenesis (maturation) to become motile spermatozoa
22
Q

Spermatogenesis is a _______ process.

A

continuous

23
Q

Capacitation

A

Physiological changes of spermatozoa in female genital tract necessary for fertilization

24
Q

Gametogenesis: differential synopsis

Oogenesis vs Spermatogenesis

A
  • Oogenesis: one daughter cell becomes ovum and 3 polar bodies
  • Spermatogenesis: each daughter cell develops into a spermatozoon
  • Oogenesis: process begins before birth
  • Spermatogenesis: process begins at puberty
  • Oogenesis: one (several) matures monthly (seasonally)
  • Spermatogenesis: millions are produced at a time
25
Q

Fusion of gametes –> zyogte

Occurs in: ___________

A

Occurs within the zona pellucida, specifically inside the oocyte.

26
Q

Steps of fertilization

A
  1. Penetration of zona pellucida by spermatozoa
  2. Fusion of gametes membranes
  3. Integration of genetic material
27
Q

Results of fertilization

A
  • Restoration of diploid chormosome number
  • sex determination of individual
  • Initiation of cleavage
28
Q

Sex determination in birds, snakes, some insects

A

The males are homogametic (ZZ) and females are ZY

29
Q

Sex determiniation in crocodiles, turtles

A

Determined by incubation temperature of eggs

30
Q

Second stage of early development: cleavage

Morula

A
  • A spherical mass of cells (blastomeres)formed by rapid mitotic division
  • The size of the embryo does not change because zona pellucida is STILL present.
  • The zona pellucida prevents adherence and embryo rejection by internal immune system
31
Q

Second stage of early development: cleavage

Early blastocyst

A
  • Blastula: A single layer of cells lining a central cavity called blastocyst
  • Zona pellucida degenerates and implantation follows
  • Time and form of implantation differ among species
32
Q

Second stage of early development: cleavage

Late Blastocyst

A
  • Segregation of blastomeres:
    • Trophoblast: outer single-cell layer that forms the fetal membranes
    • Inner cell mass: central core of cells that forms the embryo
  • At blastocyst stage blastomeres have restricted developmental potneital
33
Q

Third stage of early development: Gastrulation

A
  • Formation of germ layers:
    • Cells if inner cell mass delaminate and form hypoblast surrounding trophoblast
    • Hypoblast cells become extraembryonic endoderm (forms yolk sac)
    • Remainder of inner cells above hypoblast form epiblast
    • Epiblast splits to form:
      • Extraembryonic epiblast which lines amniotic cavity
      • Embryonic epiblast which is the source of all three germ layers
34
Q

Derivative of ectoderm

A

Epidermis and nervous system

35
Q

Derivatives of mesoderm

A
  • Cardiovascular system
  • urinary and genital systems/blood cells
  • most of connective and muscular tissue
36
Q

Derivatives of endoderm

A
  • Digestive and respiratory tracts
  • Urinary bladder, tympanic cavity
  • Parenchyma of thyroid and parathyroid glands

Developmental Anatomy IP3 (6 decks)

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