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Developmental Anatomy IP3 > DA 6 > Flashcards

DA 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharyngeal arches

A
  • aggregations of mesenchyme in area of pharynx
  • separated by grooves:
    • pouches (inside) - lined by endoderm
    • clefts (outside) - lined by ectoderm
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2
Q

How many paried pouches are there in mammals?

A

four

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3
Q

Pouches (inside) from pahryngeal arches are lined by…

A

endodern

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4
Q

Clefts (outside) from pharyngeal arches are lined by…

A

ectoderm

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5
Q

Derivative of pharyngeal Pouch I

A

Middle ear cavity and auditory tube

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6
Q

Derivaive of pharyngeal pouch II

A

Palatine tonsil

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7
Q

Derivative of pharyngeal pouch III

A

External parathyroid and thymus

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8
Q

Derivative of pharyngeal pouch IV

A
  • Internal parathyroid and ultimobranchial body
  • Ultimobranchial body will eventually become incorporated with thyroid gland to form parafollicular cells
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9
Q

Respiratory diverticulum

A
  • Forms as an outgrowth of ventral part of foregut.
  • Tracheoesophageal septum separates it from the rest of the primitive gut.
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10
Q

Resiratory system extends into _____ mesoderm.

A

Splanchnic

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11
Q

Respiratory system bifurcates to form _____

A

Lung Buds

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12
Q

Each lung bud enlarges to form ____

A

Primary bronchus

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13
Q

Primary bronchus branches to form _____

A

Definitive bronchial tree

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14
Q

Lung maturation: embrynic stage

A

Lung bud formation

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15
Q

Lung maturation: pseudo-glandular stage

A

Formation of terminal bronchioles

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16
Q

Lung maturation: canalicular stage

A

formation of respiratory bronchioles

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17
Q

Lung maturation: terminal sac stage (stage of primitive alveoli)

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles divide to form alveoli
  • Formation of alveolo-capillary membrane
  • Production of surfactant
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18
Q

At what stage of lung maturation is respiration possible:

A

terminal sac stage

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19
Q

Lung maturation: alveolar stage

A
  • All of bronchial tree is completed
  • Increase in number of alveoli by septation of present ones.
  • Lung growth and expansion
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20
Q

Respiratory capacity is increased by ____ and _____.

A

Exercise and hypoxia (at high altitude oxygen concentration remains the same, but oxygen pressure decreases, which means the oxygen from alveoli passes through a slower rate, this inreases rate and depth of respiration and facilitates growth and expansion of alveoli)

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21
Q

Majority of alveolar cells (95%) are….

A

Squamous

22
Q

5% of alveolar cells are….

A

Cuboidal and produce surfactant (Type II)

23
Q

Functionality of the lung

A

Varies with species, in most species lung is in terminal sac stage

24
Q

When is lung functionally mature?

A

At birth

25
Q

Surfactant

A

Phospholipid fluid coating alveoli

26
Q

When is surfactant produced

A

Produced in late fetal stage

27
Q

Function of surfactant

A

prevents collapse of alveoli in expiration

28
Q

Why are breathing movements before birth important?

A

For conditioning of respiratory muscles.

29
Q

Contributing factors of anomalies of respiratory system

A
  • Its endodermal origin (has low differentiating ability)
  • Its sequential development (insults affect different stages)
  • Available space (limited expansion with small thoracic cavity)
30
Q

Pharyngeal pouches anomalies are related to formation of ____ or ____.

A

Cysts of fistulas

31
Q

Congenital guttural pouch tympany

A
  • THis is a gaseous distension due to defective opening into pharynx.
  • Signs are swelling caudal to mandible.
  • Treatment/management - surgical correction - curative
    • create opening through the pharynx or median septum to allow air to pass to the functional pouch.
32
Q

Collapsed trachea

A

One of the most common causes of airway obstruction

  • partial occlusion of trachea due to defective cartilages
  • common in miniature and toy breeds of dog
  • signs: honking cough, gagging
  • treatment: surgical (prosthetic rings), cartilage building supplements
33
Q

With a collapsed trachea it is important to manage______.

A

Obesity

34
Q

Tracheal hypoplasia (stenosis)

A
  • Local narrowng as primary defect (or fusion of tracheal cartilages)
  • Predisposition - brachycephalic breeds
  • Signs: nonspecific respiratory distress (coughing, wheezing)
35
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistulas

A

Most severe and most common

  • due to abnormal partitioning of espophagus and trachea
  • Most common form is that associated with esopageal atresia
  • Usually associated with other birth defects (VACtreL association)
  • Symptoms: cyanosis, coughing, vomiting
  • Treatment: surgical correction (complications likely - like refistulation)
  • This condition can be aquired following surgeries or pressure from tracheostomy tube
36
Q

What is the most common form of tracheoesphgel fistula?

A

Esophagela atresia (seen in figure A)

B, C, D are other variations

37
Q

Lung anomalies are ____

A

rare and usually partial conditions

38
Q

Lung agenesis

A

Failure of lung buds to develop - rare

39
Q

Accessory lobes

A

From additional lung buds (lung hypoplasia also)

40
Q

Pulmonary cysts

A
  • Form when terminal bronchioles lose connection with main branch
  • Result is poor drainage of the fluid filled cyst –> leads to chronic infections
41
Q

Lung hypoplasia

A

Small, poorly developed lung (associated with skeletal defects or diphragmatic hernia)

42
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is called what in humans?

A

Hyaline membrane disease

43
Q

What is a complementary condition in domestic mammals of RDS?

A

Neonatal maladjustment syndrome (barker syndrome)

44
Q

Causes of RDS:

A
  • insufficiency of surfactant (premature birth)
  • incomplete lung expansion (insufficient blood to newborn)
  • Dystocia –> hypoxia –> irreversible lung changes
45
Q

Symptoms of RDS

A

Cyanosis, apnea, shallow breathing

46
Q

Management of RDS

A
  • Aritifical surfactant with glucocorticoids (to speed up maturation of lungs)
  • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to keep alveoli open all the time
47
Q

Atelectasis:

A

absence of air in a normally air-filled space; some parts of lung at birth are still atelectactic at birth, lung that have never taken a breath will sink, lung that has taken at least one breath will float

48
Q

Acquired form of respiratory distress syndrome is from …..

A

From fluid accumulation in the lungs

49
Q

Primitive gut divisions:

A

Pharynx, foregut, midgut, hindgut

50
Q

Pharynx

A

-Extends from orpharyngeal membrane to esophagus -not surrounded by coelom (cavity) -Its mesoderm is not split

Developmental Anatomy IP3 (6 decks)

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