D4- Primary Care and Refraction Flashcards
1
Q
Primary care exam sequence can be grouped into 4 general areas:
A
Case history
Refractive status
Binocular and accommodative status
Ocular health
2
Q
Patients own account of information about his visual problems
A
Case history
3
Q
Stimulus which primary drives the patient to seek ocular assistance
A
Chief complaint
4
Q
Used to designate a group of symptoms arising from any form of functional eyestrain
A
Asthenopia
5
Q
Ocular complains due to uncorrected EOR
A
Accommodative
6
Q
Ocular complaints due to excessive lateral phorias or muscular deficiency
A
Motor
7
Q
Ocular complains involving lowered ability to fuse, aniseikonic involvements, and distortion problems
A
Integrative
8
Q
Distance between the centers of the entrance pupils of the eye
A
Inter-pupillary distance
9
Q
PD method where the px’s fixation is the examiner’s eye for distance PD and examiner’s nose for near PD
A
Anatomical method
10
Q
Method in taking PD where the patient is asked to fixate at the bulb
A
Catoptric method
11
Q
The point of intersection of the lines of sight of the eyes when maximum convergence is utilized
A
Near point of convergence
12
Q
Measurement of the pupil size under constant stimulus
A
Static pupil evaluation
13
Q
Measurement of changes in the pupil size with changes in stimulus conditions either of light or accommodation
A
Dynamic pupil evaluation
14
Q
Normal pupil in bright light
A
2-4mm
15
Q
Pupil size in dark light
A
4-8mm
16
Q
Unequal size of pupil
A
Anisocoria
17
Q
Convenient test for determining the presence of strabismus at near
A
Corneal reflex test
18
Q
Deviation of the corneal reflex from the center of the pupil is estimated through
A
Hirschberg test
19
Q
Assess the px’s ability to conjugate eye movements
A
Motility test
20
Q
Movement of one eye in any direction
A
Duction
21
Q
Binocular movements with two eyes moving synchronously in the same direction
A
Version
22
Q
Used to determine the presence and absence of heterophoria and heterotropia
A
Cover-uncover test
23
Q
If the eye moves in upon occlusion and moves out upon exposure
A
Esophoria
24
Q
If the eye moves out upon occlusion and moves in upon exposure
A
Exophoria
25
If the eye moves up upon covering and moves down upon exposure
Hyperphoria
26
If the eye moves down upon covering and moves up upon exposure
Hypophoria
27
Measure in diopters a patient’s ability to change the focus of the eyes crystalline lens in response to near stimulus
Amplitude of accommodation
28
Other methods used to determine the dominant eye:
Ring test
Hole in a card
Box test
29
Assess the integrity of the visual field corresponding to the macular region of the retina
Amsler test
30
Types of corneal opacity
Nebula
Macula
Leukoma
31
A slight corneal opacity or scar that obstructs vision that can only be seen by oblique illumination
Nebula
32
Moderately dense and circumscribed whitish opacity
Macula
33
Eye disease consisting of an opaque white spot on the cornea
Leukoma
34
Due to Arcus sinilis or results from debris or trauma of the eye
Corneal haze
35
Difference in color of the two irises
Heterochromia
36
Provide clues to some retinal diseases or inherited color vision
COLOR VISION
37
Acquired color vision anomaly that tend to cause yellow-blue anomaly
Lesion of the choroids
38
Acquired color vision anomaly that tend to cause yellow-blue or red-green anomaly
Lesion of the retina
39
Acquired color vision anomaly that tend to cause red-green anomaly
Lesion of the optic nerve
40
Tremulousness of the iris on movement of the eye, occurring in subluxation of the lens
Iridodonesis
41
Absence of some portion of the iris which may be the result of previous surgery
Coloboma
42
Partial loss of iris due to surgery or trauma
Iridectomy
43
Serious inflammatory dse that affects the white outer coating of the eye
Scleritis
44
Yellowish discoloration of the sclera
Icteresia
45
In children, what is the color of the sclera? Why?
Bluish because it lacks elastic fibers and it is quite thin
46
In adults, the sclera is color? Why?
Egg shell white due to the fatty degeneration
47
Drooping of the upper eyelid beyond its normal position
Ptosis
48
Acute inflammation of the edge of the lids caused by staph infection
Stye
49
Other term for stye
Hordeolum
50
Inflammation of the edge of the lids caused by inflamed glands of sebaceous
Chalazion
51
Inflammation of the eyelids and the formation of dandruff-like scales on eyelashes
Blepharitis
52
Inversion of varying number of lashes so that they rub against the cornea
Trichiasis
53
Refers to having an extra row of eyelashes
Distichiasis
54
Determine if decrease in vision is correctable by lenses
Pinhole vision
55
Disc usually consists of an opaque disc with 1 or 2mm pinhole in the center
Pinhole disc
56
Consists of an aperture ranging from 0.5mm to 0.75 mm in width and up to 15 mm in length
Stenopaic slit
57
Disc which contains two small pinholes spaced to fall within the average sized pupil
Scheiner’s disc
58
A disc composed of a cobalt glass which absorbs the central region of the spectrum and transmits the extremes
Cobalt disc
59
Measurement of a patient's ability to resolve detail
Visual Acuity
60
Refers to the acuity with the patient's current prescription
Habitual VA
61
Refers to the resultant VA after refraction and full Rx of the current refractive error
Optimal VA
62
Detection Acuity
Minimum visible
63
Resolution Acuity
Minimum separable
64
Recognition Acuity
Minimum legible
65
Technique for subnormal vision
Modified distance, CF, HM, LProj, LP
66
Pinhole acuities are taken when vision is worse than ____
20/30
67
2 systems in retinoscopy
Observation system
Illumination system
68
Motion of reflex if there is a large amount of uncorrected myopia or hyperopia
Slow reflex
69
Motion of reflex when the movement of the reflex is infinitely fast
At neutrality
70
Lens used to interrupt fusion. It may also be used as a check for malingering
Red lens
71
A clinical procedure use to examine the lids, anterior segment, and posterior segment of the eye
Biomicroscopy
72
Basic components of slit-lamp
Illumination arm, microscope arm, slit-lamp position control
73
Component of slit-lamp that houses the illumination system
Illumination arm
74
Used to vary the appearance of the slit beam
Filters
75
Filter most commonly used in conjunctiva with a fluorescein stain
Cobalt-blue filter
76
Filter used to enhance red objects or blood vessels
Red-free filter
77
Filter commonly used to examine the eye
Neutral density filter
78
Filter used to disperse light over a wide area allowing the observer to illuminate a wide width of the object
Diffusing filter
79
Component of slit-lamp that houses the viewing system
Microscope arm
80
Illumination used to have a general overview of the anterior eye and palpebral conjunctiva
Diffuse illumination
81
Illumination used to observe corneal stroma, epithelial breakdown, lens fit, lens surface and endothelium
Parallelepiped
82
Illumination used to observe variation in corneal curvature, thickness, and depth of FB
Optic section
83
Illumination used to observe corneal microcysts, vacuoles, epithelias
Indirect illumination
84
Illumination used to observe the cornea neovascularization, edema, microcysts and back and front surface of CL deposists
Retro-illumination
85
Illumination used to observe the individual cells of the endothelium and tear layer stability
Specular reflection
86
The examination of the interior of the eye with the ophthalmoscope
Ophthalmoscopy
87
Provides an upright and virtual image of the structure under observation
Direct ophthalmoscopy
88
Provides an inverted and real image of the structure under observation
Indirect ophthalmoscopy
89
Image formed by direct ophthalmoscopy
Upright and virtual
90
Image formed by indirect ophthalmoscopy
Inverted and real
91
Magnification of direct ophthalmoscopy
15x
92
Field of view of direct ophthalmoscopy
6.5 degrees
93
Magnification of indirect ophthalmoscopy
2-5x
94
Field of view of indirect ophthalmoscopy
25 or 30 degrees
95
Instrument designed for the examination of the interior of the eye
Ophthalmoscope
96
If the opacity appears to move in an opposite direction of ophthalmoscope, where is the opacity located?
Anterior (cornea, AC, anterior of the lens)
97
If little or no movement is observed, where is the opacity located?
Close to the lens nucleus
98
If the movement is in the same direction of ophthalmoscope, where is the opacity located?
Posterior lens or vitreous
99
He designed the headborne binocular indirect ophthalmoscope
Schepens
100
Most commonly used condensing power of headborne indirect ophthal
+14.00D and +20.00D
101
A clinical technique used to measure the curvature of the anterior surface of the cornea
Keratometry
102
Clinical use of keratometry
Determine the corneal curvature, amount of astigmatism, quality of corneal refracting surface, stability of the corneal surface
103
It determines the relationship between corneal and refractive astigmatism
Javal's Rule
104
Astigmatism due to the toricity of back surface of the cornea
Internal Astigmatism
105
2 components of visual pattern
Accommodative and convergence pattern
106
Visual pattern that is defined as the ability of the eye to see clearly
Accommodative pattern
107
Visual pattern that provides mechanism for maintaining single vision
Convergence pattern
108
Described as the area of tolerance in the brain
Buffer area
109
Buffer area of convergence pattern
Exophoria
110
Buffer area of accommodative pattern
Hyperopia
111
Retinoscopy method where the patient fixates at a distance of 6M
Static retinoscopy
112
Retinoscopy method where the patient fixates an object at some closer distance
Dynamic retinoscopy
113
In a plane mirror, if the mirror is tilted downward the apparent source is tilted _______
Upward
114
In a plane mirror, if the mirror is tilted downward the fundus image is tilted ______
Downward
115
In a concave mirror, if the mirror is titled downward the apparent source is tilted ______
Downward
116
In a concave mirror, if the mirror is tilted downward the apparent source is tilted ______
Upward
117
Astigmatism when the weakest corneal meridian is at near 180 degrees
With-the-rule astigmatism
118
Astigmatism when the weakest corneal meridian is at neat 90 degres
Against-the-rule
