D3 Th Flashcards
what is the default Th
Th2
Th1 produced when inflammatory response
Effector functions of Th2
Activation and proliferation of mast cells & eosinophils
Production IgE
Goblet cell hyperplasia (mucus: can immobilize extracellular parasite)
Required for protection against helminth infection
Over production may lead to allergy and asthma
what do basophils proliferate in response to?
describe functions of basophils
Th2 cytokines: IL-4, IL-13, IL-3
- effector cells for allergy & expulsion of helminths
- Can process and present antigen to naïve CD4+ T cells
- Not essential for initiating Th2 response but may amplify response
How do Th2 protect against helminths
production of IgE and activating eosinophils, mast cells and goblet cells
They are involved in asthma
!! functions of IFNy
activates macrophage microbicidal activity (iNOS)
↑ antigen processing & presentation via
- ↑ MHC class I and II
- TAP and proteasome components
- Enhances TNF actions such as adhesion molecule
Promotes differentiation of Th1, inhibits Th2
Promotes class switching to IgG2a, inhibits switching to IgG1 and IgE
(viral & bacterial)
Activates neutrophils and and NK cells
Effector functions of Th1
Phagocyte-mediated defence against intracellular pathogens
Activation of macrophage microbicidal activities
Production of opsonizing and complement fixing antibodies (require opsonisation for bacterial and viral infected cells)
Proliferation of CD8+ CTL
Role of IL-17
- family
- what does it aid in
- what factors does it induce
- important in pathology of what diseases
Cytokine family: IL-17A, B, C, D, E & F
Potent proinflammatory cytokine
- aids in co-ordination of tissue inflammation
- induces chemokines & cytokines
- induces MMP: matrix metalloproteases –> control tissue destruction and remodelling
IL-17 important in pathology: COPD/chron disease
what are
- IL-17 or IL-17RA KO mice more susceptible to?
- IL-17RA KO mice
- humans with hyper-IgE syndrome
- Mice deficient in IL-17, IL-23p19 or IL-12/IL-23p40 are RESSITANT to what autoimmune diseases
Infection
- pulmonary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Candida albicans
- have no Th17 therefore are very susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections
autoimmunity
- EAE, IBD or CIA
IL-17 promotes maturation of what
Th17 dependent production of IL-23 induces expression of
- neutrophils & chemotaxis
2. antimicrobial defence genes in the epithelium
Tfh role
- what induces production
- transcription factor
- produce which cytokine & chemokine
provide help for B cells (in germinal centers of LN)
IL-6
Bcl6
IL-21 & chemokine: CXCR5
Th9
- explain involvement of TGFbeta
- how are Th9 cells obtained
- Th9 effects on allergic inflammation
- effect of TGF-B deficient mice
- Importance for differentiation of Th17 and Treg reprograms Th2 cells to switch to secretion of IL-9
- directly by a combination of TGF-y, IL-9 and IL4
- multiple effects in the development and maintenance of allergic inflammation and airway remodelling
- reduced levels of IL-9 and mast cells and are unable to expel helminths
(May be more important in sustaining responses rather than initiating)
Th22
- what effector cytokine do they produce
- where are high no. of Th22 found?
- characterized by expression of what cytokines?
- what chemokine receptors expressed (what does this drive Th22 cells to do)
- IL-22 allows Th22 cells to …
- Th22 cells may provide a protective role in
- Th22 cells may play a pathogenic role in
- IL-22 (IL-10 family member)
- found at barriers (skin and gut)
- characterized by the expression of IL-22, IL-13 and TGF but (NOT IFN-γ, IL-4, or IL-17)
- express the chemokine receptors CCR4, CCR6, and CCR10 which drives Th22 cells to migrate to the skin
- IL-22 allows Th22 cells to act on non-hematopoietic cells (non-immune) including keratinocytes, myofibroblasts, and epithelial cells
- regulating wound repair and healing in the skin, gut and lungs
- many inflammatory diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Crohn’s disease and uveitis.
