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WSET® Level 4 D3 Wines of the World > D3 - Canada > Flashcards

D3 - Canada Flashcards

Examines the regions, grapes, methods of production, and styles of Canada.

1
Q

Why is most of Canada unsuitable for viticulture?

A
  • High latitude;
  • Extreme cold.
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2
Q

In which two Canadian provinces is most of the country’s wine made?

A
  1. Ontario;
  2. British Columbia.
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3
Q

When was V. vinifera first planted in Canada?

A

1950s.

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4
Q

What are the climates of Ontario and British Columbia?

A

Both have an extreme continental climate.

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5
Q

Much like the Finger Lakes, Canadian vineyards are planted near _____.

Why?

A

Lakes;

The winter lake effect moderates temperatures, reducing the risk of deep winter freeze.

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6
Q

The lakes in Canada (as in most other regions) increase humidity. What risk increases with humidity?

A

Fungal disease pressure.

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7
Q

Why is drought problematic in the inland areas of British Columbia?

A

These inland areas are in a rain shadow of two mountain ranges.

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8
Q

Canada’s viticultural areas are between 41° and 51° N. What does this mean for the growing season?

A

Growing season is short BUT summers have longer daylight hours (sun rises at or before 5am and sets after 9pm).

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9
Q

Because grape growing areas around lakes are more humid which increases fungal disease pressure, what does that mean for canopy management?

A

Canopies must stay open for improved air flow to decrease the risk of fungal disease.

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10
Q

What three ways do Canadian grape growers use to protect their vines from harsh winter temperatures?

A
  1. Bury the vines;
  2. Use geotextiles (fabrics draped over the vines);
  3. Soil up around the grafts.
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11
Q

Canadian Icewine regulation states that the grapes must be harvested at this temperature.

A

–8°C (18°F) or below.

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12
Q
  • Icewine fermentation usually stops naturally around ___% abv.
  • ___g/L RS usually remains in the wine.
A
  • 9-11% abv;
  • 200-250g/L
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13
Q

Most Icewine in Canada is made with this grape variety.

A

Vidal.

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14
Q

In Canada:

If a VQA wine has a single grape variety on the label, the wine must contain at least ___% of that stated grape.

If a VQA wines has two or more grapes listed on the label, those stated grapes must make up at least ___% of the wine.

A

Single grape: 85%;

Two or more: 95%.

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15
Q

Which wine-producing Canadian province is larger and has more area under vine: Ontario or British Columbia?

A

Ontario.

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16
Q

Most of Ontario’s vineyards are planted on or near the shores of which two Great Lakes?

A
  1. Lake Erie;
  2. Lake Ontario.
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17
Q

How do Lake Erie and Lake Ontario affect the grape-growing climate?

A

They moderate Ontario’s extreme continental climate – the lakes keep their immediate areas warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer.

The farther away vineyards are planted from the lake, the less of a moderating effect there is.

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18
Q

What are the soils like in the immediate surroundings of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario?

A

Lots of limestone in the soil from ancient seabeds (some clay and sand the farther away from the lakes you go).

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19
Q
  • Which grape variety is the most planted in Ontario?
  • What is it typically made into?
A
  • Vidal;
  • Icewine.
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20
Q

The 3 most planted vitis vinifera grape varieties in Ontario are:

A
  1. Riesling;
  2. Chardonnay;
  3. Cabernet Franc.
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21
Q

Besides Cabernet Franc, what other red grape varieties are grown in Ontario?

A
  • Merlot;
  • Pinot Noir;
  • Gamay Noir.
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22
Q

In what year did Ontario adopt the VQA legislation?

A

1988.

23
Q

What are the three major appellations (VQAs) in Ontario?

A
  1. Prince Edward County;
  2. Niagara Peninsula;
  3. Lake Erie North Shore.
24
Q
  • In Ontario, if one of the three major Niagara appellations appears on a label, a minimum of ___% of the grapes must come from the stated appellation.
A

85% minimum

The other 15% can be sourced from elsewhere within Ontario.

25
Q

Which appellation within Ontario is the largest producer of wine?

A

Niagara Peninsula.

26
Q

What is the Niagara Escarpment?

A

A north-facing limestone bluff whose altitude is ~100m above Lake Ontario;

Several river valleys cut down from the escarpment to the lake, hence giving the area a variety of soils and microclimates (so different styles of wine).

27
Q

How do Lake Ontario and the Niagara Escarpment work in tandem to affect the immediate grape-growing area?

A

They work together to create warm airflow in the winter and cool airflow in the summer.

28
Q

What are the two regional appellations within Niagara Peninsula?

A
  1. Niagara Escarpment;
  2. Niagara-on-the-Lake.
29
Q

If a wine has either Niagara Escarpment or Niagara-on-the-Lake on the label, ___% of the grapes must come from the stated area.

A

85%

30
Q

If a wine has one of the several sub-appellations of Niagara Peninsula on the label, ___% of the grapes must come from that sub-appellation.

A

100%

31
Q

Why is the Niagara Escarpment the coolest grape-growing area of Niagara Peninsula?

A

It has elevation combined with the cooling lake breezes.

32
Q

Why does Niagara-on-the-Lake make riper and fruitier wines than Niagara Escarpment?

A

Niagara-on-the-Lake is largely flat, slightly warmer, and its proximity to Lake Ontario means nights stay warmer and autumns stay warmer longer.

33
Q

On which Great Lake is Lake Erie North Shore situated?

A

Lake Erie.

34
Q

Lake Erie is the shallowest of all the Great Lakes.

What does this mean for its wintertime influence over its grape-growing vicinity?

A

Winter freeze is a greater problem in Lake Erie North Shore VQA because the lake loses its accumulated summer warmth faster.

35
Q
  • Lake Erie North Shore is the ___est of all Ontario’s grape-growing areas.
  • How do its wines show compared to those from Niagara Peninsula?
A
  • Warmest;
  • Wines show more ripe fruit but have a bit less structure than those from Niagara Peninsula.
36
Q

Prince Edward County VQA is on which Great Lake?

A

Lake Ontario.

37
Q

Prince Edward County is the most northerly appellation in Ontario and routinely has winter freezes.

What makes it possible to ripen grapes at such a northerly latitude?

A
  • Vineyards are planted on a broad limestone plateau with a stony topsoil that stores heat during the day and radiates it at night, helping to ripen grapes in this very cool region;
  • Planting early-ripening varieties;
  • Long daylight hours in peak growing season;
  • Extended autumn warmth from Lake Ontario.
38
Q

What are the two distinct grape-growing areas in British Columbia and what are their respective climates?

A
  1. Cool, maritime climate for areas close to the Pacific Ocean;
  2. Continental climate inland.
39
Q

Which has a more northerly latitude: British Columbia or Ontario?

A

British Columbia.

40
Q

Name three things about British Columbia’s growing season.

A
  1. Short;
  2. But it has long sunlight hours during the growing season (fruit ripens well);
  3. Has a large diurnal range (cool nights which help grapes retain acidity).
41
Q
  • The most planted red grape in British Columbia is _____.
  • The most planted white grape in British Columbia is _____.
A
  • Red = Merlot
  • White = Pinot Gris
42
Q

What are the five sub-appellations of British Columbia from east to west?

A
  1. Okanagan Valley;
  2. Similkameen Valley;
  3. Fraser Valley;
  4. Gulf Islands;
  5. Vancouver Island.
43
Q

How do the climate and soils vary in Okanagan Valley?

A
  • Northern part is cool with loamy glacial deposits;
  • Southern part is arid and hot with sandier soils (irrigation essential here).
44
Q

What body of water helps moderate the cool, northerly area of northern Okanagan Valley?

A

Okanagan Lake.

45
Q

What are the climate risks in Okanagan Valley?

A
  • Spring frosts;
  • Low rainfall in southern area.
46
Q

Where are vineyards mostly planted in Okanagan Valley, and why?

A
  • Mid-level slopes to reduce frost risk;
  • 300–600m asl provides diurnal range.
47
Q

What are the grape varieties planted in the northern and southern areas of Okanagan Valley?

A
  • North = Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Riesling, Chardonnay and Gewürztraminer (cooler climate varieties);
  • South = Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Syrah (warmer climate varieties).
48
Q

Describe the topography of the Similkameen Valley.

A
  • Rocky valley with a strip of farmable land along the Similkameen River;
  • Mountains on either side channel constant winds into the valley.
49
Q

What is the growing season like in Similkameen Valley?

A
  • Hot summer days;
  • Large diurnal range (400-500m elevation).
50
Q

Which four grape varieties are most planted in Similkameen Valley?

A
  1. Merlot;
  2. Cabernet Sauvignon;
  3. Pinot Noir;
  4. Chardonnay.
51
Q

What are the three appellations in British Columbia that have a cool, maritime climate?

A
  1. Fraser Valley;
  2. Gulf Islands;
  3. Vancouver Island.
52
Q
  • What are summers like in Fraser Valley, Gulf Islands, and Vancouver Island?
  • Are there any risks in these areas?
A
  • Wetter and cooler summers;
  • Fungal disease risks.
53
Q

Because the growing conditions in Fraser Valley, Gulf Islands, and Vancouver Island are cooler and wetter in a maritime climate, what are the best grapes to grow here?

A

Early ripening grapes.

e.g. Pinot Noir.

54
Q

What are the two largest liquor control boards in Canada?

They’re also two of the largest alcohol buyers in the world.

A
  1. LCBO (Liquor Control Board of Ontario);
  2. SAQ (Société des Alcools du Québec).

WSET® Level 4 D3 Wines of the World (47 decks)

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