D2.1: Cell and Nuclear Division Flashcards
List implications of the idea that new cells are only produced from a pre-existing cell.
- we can trace the origin of all the cells in our body back to the first cell; zygote produced by the fertilisation of a sperm and egg
- origins of all cells can be traced back through billions of years of evolution to LUCA of all life on Earth
- There must have been a 1st cell that arose from non-living material
Define cytokinesis.
The physical division of a the cytoplasm and organelles of a cell into 2 daughter cells
State the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis.
Mitosis: division of the nucleus and DNA into 2 daughter cells
Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm and organelles into 2 daughter cells
Mitosis and cytokinesis can occur at the same time
Explain cytokinesis in plant cells
- Golgi buds off vesicles that move towards the cell equator
- Vesicles fuse creating a cell plate which extends until it fuses with the sides of the parent cell thus, separating the 2 new daughter cells
- Both daughter cells release cellulose by exocytosis into the space betw. the 2 membranes which builds the cell wall of each daughter cell
Explain cytokinesis in animal cells
- A network of actin and myosin proteins form a contractile ring at the cell equator that pinches the cell membrane together to form a cleavage furrow
- Cell membrane cleavage furrow pinches in until the cell splits into 2 daughter cells
Describe the formation of the cleavage furrow in animal cell cytokinesis.
A network of actin and myosin proteins form a contractile ring at the cell equator that pinches the cell membrane together to form a cleavage furrow
Describe the formation of the cell wall in plant cell cytokinesis.
Both daughter cells release cellulose by exocytosis into the space betw. the 2 membranes which builds the cell wall of each daughter cell
What does cytokinesis result in?
Results in equal division of the cytoplasm and organelles between the daughter cells to form 2 equal sized cells
State the reason why daughter cells must receive at least one mitochondria during cytokinesis.
Mitochondria undergo their own division to repopulate the new daughter cells
Outline unequal cytokinesis in yeast budding.
- Budding is an asymmetric division mechanism used by most yeasts to reproduce asexually
- The nucleus divides by mitosis then during the cytokinesis the daughter cell receives only a small portion of the cytoplasm
- Daughter cell initially remains attached to parent cell
- Cells are separated and the daughter cell matures into a new yeast cell
Outline unequal cytokinesis during human oogenesis.
- Oogenesis is the production of an egg cell
- Cytoplasm is divided unevenly during cytokinesis to produce 1 large egg cell and 3 small polar bodies
- A single large egg cell contains the cytoplasm of all 4 daughter cells
- The large vol. of cytoplasm in the egg cell is used to provide all the organelles and stores energy to sustain the developing embryo
What is mitosis and what does it produce
- nuclear division resulting in continuity of the chromosome number and genome. Produces:
- 2 identical daughter cells
- A full set of genetic material
- organelles
Define histone
Protein around which eukaryotic DNA is wrapped
Define nucleosome
The structure that results from DNA wrapping around histone proteins
Define chromatin
A collection of loose nucleosomes; DNA is present in its chromatin form during interphase
What is meiosis?
nuclear division that results in the reduction of the chromosome number and diversity between genomes.
Outline the cause and consequence of anucleate cells.
Cause:
- Loss of nucleus occurs during maturation
Consequence:
- Loss of nucleus means loss of ability to reproduce and therefore, die
- More space to carry hemoglobin therefore carrying more O2. (RBC Only)
- gives biconcave shape (RBC Only)
(E.g: RBC)
What process occurs before both mitosis and meiosis?
DNA replication occurs before both mitosis and meiosis.
in mitosis, when is the nuclear membrane not present
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
When does DNA replication take place?
DNA replication occurs in the S-phase of interphase.
Explain how replicated DNA molecules are held together, with reference to chromatid, replicated chromosome, centromere and cohesin.
At the centromere, located in the DNA it:
- adheres sister chromatids to one another
- it’s the site of kinetochore and microtubule attachment for movement of chromosomes
Protein complex cohesin, established in interphase before mitosis and meiosis:
- Holds sister chromatids together until anaphase
Cohesin holding the chromatids are removed by the start of anaphase and are able to move to opposite poles of the cell ensuring each daughter cell will have a complete copy of the genetic material
Explain how and why chromosomes condense during mitosis and meiosis.
How:
- Mitosis: During prophase, Chromatin condenses into chromosomes each consisting of sister chromatids without the chromosomes pairing up
- Meiosis: During prophase I, Chromatin condenses into chromosomes each consisting of 2 sister chromatids. These homologous chromosomes pair up forming bivalents. Then, crossing over occurs between the non-sister chromatids (one of the chromatids of each chromosome are non-sister chromatids), forming recombinant chromosomes.
BOTH CONTAIN SISTER CHROMATIDS BUT IN MITOSIS, THEY DON’T PAIR UP
Why:
- to facilitate accurate segregation of genetic material.
State the role of microtubules and kinetochore motor proteins.
(mitotic spindle microtubules) Microtubules:
- Long and thin cylindrical fibrous proteins that form the spindle apparatus during cell division
Kinetochore motor proteins (like Kinesin):
- The kinetochores link the chromatids to the microtubules thus, pulling the chromosomes toward the poles during anaphase
State the names of the four phases of mitosis.
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase