B1.1: Carbs and Lipids Flashcards
Outline the number and type of bonds carbon can form with other atoms.
- 4 single bonds
- 2 double bonds
Outline the cause and consequence of covalent bonds between atoms.
Cause:
- Electrostatic attraction between shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of both atoms
Consequence:
- Atoms become more stable
Recognize common functional groups.
- COOH (Carboxylic Acid)
- OH (Alcohol)
Difference between carbs and lipids in terms of energy storage
- Lipids contain 2x more energy per gram and are used for long-term energy storage
List the four major classes of carbon compounds used by living organisms.
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acids
List example molecules with branched chain, unbranched chain, single ring or multiple rings.
Branched chain:
- Glycogen
- Amylopectin (⍺ 1-4 and occasional ⍺ 1-6 glycosidic bonds)
Unbranched chain:
- Amylose (Coiled - ⍺ 1-4 glycosidic bonds)
Define monomer and polymer.
Monomer: Simple compound that forms the building blocks of polymers
Polymer: Large molecule composed of repeating monomer subunits
Describe condensation reactions.
Chemical process joining two molecules to form a larger, more complex molecule with the loss of water
State what is needed to produce macromolecules by condensation reactions
energy from ATP
Outline the condensation reactions that form polysaccharides, polypeptides and nucleic acids.
Polysaccharides:
- Monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds to form a polysaccharide chain, a water molecule gets lost
Polypeptides:
- As amino acids bond, carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with amino (NH2) group of another, a water molecule gets lost forming a peptide bond thus, chains of amino acids form polypeptides
Nucleic acids
- bond forms between the 3’C of one glucose and the 5’C of another creating a sugar-phosphate backbone forming chains of nucleotides which are nucleic acids
Define monomer and polymer.
Monomer: Simple compound that forms the building blocks of polymers
Polymer: Large molecule composed of repeating monomer subunits
Describe hydrolysis reactions.
Breakdown of macromolecules by adding water
Outline the hydrolysis reactions that digest polysaccharides, polypeptides and nucleic acids.
A polysaccharide releases energy when digested via a hydrolysis reaction, broken down into monosaccharides.
- The hydrolysis reaction of polypeptides breaks them down into monomers that are amino acids
Define monosaccharide.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars with a basic molecular structure
Identify pentose and hexose carbohydrates from molecular diagrams.
Pentose
- 5C
Hexose:
- 6C
Outline the properties of glucose referring to solubility, transportability, stability, and energy yield from oxidation.
A monosaccharide with two isomers: Alpha and Beta Glucose
Soluble molecule due to polarity and OH- groups
Can be transported in blood and used for cellular respiration
Define polysaccharide.
Carbohydrates made up of more than three monosaccharides
Compare the structure and function of amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen.
Amylose:
- Linear polysaccharide
- ⍺1-4 glycosidic bonds
- coiled structure
Amylopectin:
- Branched polysaccharide
- ⍺1,4 and occasional ⍺1,6 glycosidic bonds
- highly branched structure
Glycogen:
- branched glucose polymer
- both ⍺1,4 and ⍺1,6 glycosidic bonds
- coiled structure
Discuss the benefit of polysaccharide coiling and branching during polymerization.
Coiling and Branching:
- ensures that plants and animals can quickly add to their energy supply when energy is plentiful, or break it down the storage molecules when energy is in short supply
Explain how condensation or hydrolysis of alpha-glucose monomers build or mobilize energy stores.
- Amylose, Amylopectin, Glycogen, and Cellulose are formed by condensation reactions
- Polysaccharides release energy via a hydrolysis reaction
Compare the structure of alpha-glucose and beta-glucose. (B-OHner points up)
Alpha-glucose structure:
- Alpha glucose has the H above and the OH below the carbon 1, bond pointd down
Beta-glucose :
- te bond is pointing down. Beta glucose has the OH above and the H below the carbon 1, bond pointed up
Describe the structure of cellulose microfibrils (Beta Glucose polymer)
- The alternating orientation of beta glucose where there are H bonds in between them. Glucose molecules are linked by the 1-4 Glycosidic bonds which results in a linear chain.
- H bonds occur between the OH groups of the glucose molecules
Discuss the consequences of the strength of cellulose in the plant cell wall.
- prevents plant cells from bursting due to osmotic forces
- provides structural rigidity of cell wall thus, supporting plants
Outline 4 functions of a glycoprotein (CRLS)
C:
- Cell-cell recognition as they act as markers on the surface of cells (allowing for identification)
R:
- Receptors on the surface of cells allowing them to receive signals
L:
- Ligands when they bind to specific receptors on other cells to initiate signalling pathways
S:
- Structure support as they contribute to structural integrity of cells
