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Biology > B1.1: Carbs and Lipids > Flashcards

B1.1: Carbs and Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline the number and type of bonds carbon can form with other atoms.

A
  • 4 single bonds
  • 2 double bonds
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2
Q

Outline the cause and consequence of covalent bonds between atoms.

A

Cause:
- Electrostatic attraction between shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of both atoms

Consequence:
- Atoms become more stable

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3
Q

Recognize common functional groups.

A
  • COOH (Carboxylic Acid)
  • OH (Alcohol)
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4
Q

Difference between carbs and lipids in terms of energy storage

A
  • Lipids contain 2x more energy per gram and are used for long-term energy storage
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5
Q

List the four major classes of carbon compounds used by living organisms.

A
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
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6
Q

List example molecules with branched chain, unbranched chain, single ring or multiple rings.​

A

Branched chain:
- Glycogen
- Amylopectin (⍺ 1-4 and occasional ⍺ 1-6 glycosidic bonds)

Unbranched chain:
- Amylose (Coiled - ⍺ 1-4 glycosidic bonds)

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7
Q

Define monomer and polymer.

A

Monomer: Simple compound that forms the building blocks of polymers

Polymer: Large molecule composed of repeating monomer subunits

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8
Q

Describe condensation reactions.

A

Chemical process joining two molecules to form a larger, more complex molecule with the loss of water

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9
Q

State what is needed to produce macromolecules by condensation reactions

A

energy from ATP

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10
Q

Outline the condensation reactions that form polysaccharides, polypeptides and nucleic acids.

A

Polysaccharides:
- Monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds to form a polysaccharide chain, a water molecule gets lost

Polypeptides:
- As amino acids bond, carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with amino (NH2) group of another, a water molecule gets lost forming a peptide bond thus, chains of amino acids form polypeptides

Nucleic acids
- bond forms between the 3’C of one glucose and the 5’C of another creating a sugar-phosphate backbone forming chains of nucleotides which are nucleic acids

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11
Q

Define monomer and polymer.

A

Monomer: Simple compound that forms the building blocks of polymers

Polymer: Large molecule composed of repeating monomer subunits

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12
Q

Describe hydrolysis reactions.

A

Breakdown of macromolecules by adding water

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13
Q

Outline the hydrolysis reactions that digest polysaccharides, polypeptides and nucleic acids.

A

A polysaccharide releases energy when digested via a hydrolysis reaction, broken down into monosaccharides.

  • The hydrolysis reaction of polypeptides breaks them down into monomers that are amino acids
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14
Q

Define monosaccharide.

A

Monosaccharides are simple sugars with a basic molecular structure

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15
Q

Identify pentose and hexose carbohydrates from molecular diagrams.

A

Pentose
- 5C

Hexose:
- 6C

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16
Q

Outline the properties of glucose referring to solubility, transportability, stability, and energy yield from oxidation. ​

A

A monosaccharide with two isomers: Alpha and Beta Glucose

Soluble molecule due to polarity and OH- groups

Can be transported in blood and used for cellular respiration

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17
Q

Define polysaccharide.

A

Carbohydrates made up of more than three monosaccharides

18
Q

Compare the structure and function of amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen.

A

Amylose:
- Linear polysaccharide
- ⍺1-4 glycosidic bonds
- coiled structure

Amylopectin:
- Branched polysaccharide
- ⍺1,4 and occasional ⍺1,6 glycosidic bonds
- highly branched structure

Glycogen:
- branched glucose polymer
- both ⍺1,4 and ⍺1,6 glycosidic bonds
- coiled structure

19
Q

Discuss the benefit of polysaccharide coiling and branching during polymerization.

A

Coiling and Branching:
- ensures that plants and animals can quickly add to their energy supply when energy is plentiful, or break it down the storage molecules when energy is in short supply

20
Q

Explain how condensation or hydrolysis of alpha-glucose monomers build or mobilize energy stores.​

A
  • Amylose, Amylopectin, Glycogen, and Cellulose are formed by condensation reactions
  • Polysaccharides release energy via a hydrolysis reaction
21
Q

Compare the structure of alpha-glucose and beta-glucose. (B-OHner points up)

A

Alpha-glucose structure:
- Alpha glucose has the H above and the OH below the carbon 1, bond pointd down

Beta-glucose :
- te bond is pointing down. Beta glucose has the OH above and the H below the carbon 1, bond pointed up

22
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose microfibrils (Beta Glucose polymer)

A
  • The alternating orientation of beta glucose where there are H bonds in between them. Glucose molecules are linked by the 1-4 Glycosidic bonds which results in a linear chain.
  • H bonds occur between the OH groups of the glucose molecules
23
Q

Discuss the consequences of the strength of cellulose in the plant cell wall.

A
  • prevents plant cells from bursting due to osmotic forces
  • provides structural rigidity of cell wall thus, supporting plants
24
Q

Outline 4 functions of a glycoprotein (CRLS)

A

C:
- Cell-cell recognition as they act as markers on the surface of cells (allowing for identification)

R:
- Receptors on the surface of cells allowing them to receive signals

L:
- Ligands when they bind to specific receptors on other cells to initiate signalling pathways

S:
- Structure support as they contribute to structural integrity of cells

25
Q

Compare the structure of the A, B and O glycoproteins on the red blood cell membrane.

A
  • Types A and B have antibodies that can destroy each others glycoproteins
  • Type O does not contain any antigens
26
Q

Discuss the consequences of the presence of A, B and O glycoproteins during blood transfusion.

A
  • When incompatible blood tytpes are mixed, immune systems can recognise the other glycoproteins as foreign molecules and start attacking them which results in RBC to start clumping
  • Type O is used as a universal donor as it doesnt contain A or B antigens
27
Q

Explain why lipids are hydrophobic.

A
  • Lipids have a low solubility in water hence, due to their hydrophobic nature, they repel water
28
Q

Outline the structure and function of fats, oils, waxes and steroids.

A

Fats and oils (Triglycerides)
- Energy storage, cell membrane structure, insulation

Waxes:
- hydrophobic, having high melting point, solid at room temp. and found on the surface of leaves that forms a waterproof layer to reduce transpiration rate

Steroids:
- 4-C rings fused tgt, there are 2 types; testosterone, and oestradiol

29
Q

Explain the condensation reaction connecting fatty acids and glycerol to form a triglyceride.

A
  • condensation of 1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid molecule forms Triglycerides
  • Each time a fatty acid joins the glycerol molecule, a water molecule’s released
  • Ester bond that forms between a glycerol and a fatty acid
30
Q

Explain the condensation reaction connecting fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate group to form a phospholipid.

A
  • condensation of 1 glycerol molecule modified with a phosphate group + 2 fatty acids
  • Each time a fatty acid joins the glycerol molecule, a water molecule’s released
  • Ester bond that forms between a glycerol and a fatty acid
31
Q

Describe the structure of a generalized fatty acid.

A
  • Long, linear chains of C and H connected to a COOH group
32
Q

Compare and contrast the structures and properties of saturated and unsaturated (mono- or poly-) fatty acids.

A
  • Both are hydrocarbon chains

saturated:
- Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, linear shapes and lower melting points

unsaturated:
- Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, kinked and non-linear, higher melting point due to more double bonds, can be either mono(one double bond) or poly(multiple double bonds) unsaturated

33
Q

Distinguish between the structure and properties of cis- and trans-unsaturated fatty acids.

A

cis-unsaturated fatty acids:
- both H are on the same side of the hydrocarbon chain

trans-unsaturated fatty acids:
- both H are on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain

34
Q

Outline properties of triglycerides that make them suitable for long-term energy storage.

A
  • chemically stable (energy’s not lost over time)
  • Immiscible in water (no osmotic effects on the cell)
  • Release 2x more energy per grab in cellular respiration than carbs (which are short-term energy storages)
  • Thermal insulators (to conserve body heat)
  • Liquid at body temp. (act as shock absorbers)
35
Q

State the function of adipose tissue.

A

Stores energy in the form of lipids

36
Q

Discuss the adaptations of a thick adipose tissue layer as a thermal insulator.

A

Triglycerides can be effective thermal insulators that help regulate body temps.
- Blubber layer keeps mariner animals warm
- Blubber layer serves as a long-term energy storage

37
Q

Draw a simplified diagram of the structure of the phospholipid, including a phosphate-glycerol head and two fatty acid tails.

A

pk

38
Q

Define hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphipathic.

A
  • Hydrophobic: Substances that aren’t attracted to water
  • Hydrophilic: Substances that are attracted to water
  • Amphipathic: Substances that are partly hydrophilic and partly hydrophobic
39
Q

Outline the amphipathic properties of a phospholipid.

A

The 2 hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails are attracted to one another more than the water and so they repel the water solvent.

The hydrophilic phosphate head is attracted to the water solvent.

40
Q

Explain why phospholipids form bilayers in water, with reference to hydrophilic phosphate heads and two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails.

A
  • Phospholipids are arranged into bilayers with hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails facing inwards away from the water solvent and vice versa for hydrophilic phosphate heads
  • These phospholipid bilayers are stable structures that form the basis of all cell membranes
41
Q

Identify steroid molecules from molecular diagrams.

A
  • 3 hexose carbon rings and 1 pentose ring
  • 4 fused rings of carbon atoms
42
Q

State why steroid hormones are able to pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer.

A
  • Steroids are hydrophobic which allows them to pass straight through hence allowing cells to have a faster response due to the presence of these steroids and so the signal occurs more frequently

Biology (22 decks)

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