D2 Continuity and Change : Cells

Question 1

cell plate

Answer 1

A structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells that eventually develops into the cell wall that separates the daughter cells.

Question 2

oogenesis

Answer 2

The production of mature ovum.

Question 3

polar body

Answer 3

A small cell that is formed during oogenesis containing a discarded set of chromosomes and minimal cytoplasm.

Question 4

budding

Answer 4

A form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual organism develops as an outgrowth or bud from the parent organism, eventually detaching to become an independent organism.

Question 5

diploid cells

Answer 5

Cells that contain two copies of each autosome and two sex chromosomes. Diploid cells have an even number of chromosomes.

Question 6

haploid cells

Answer 6

A haploid nucleus contains a single set of chromosomes. Gametes are haploid.

Question 7

homologous pair

Answer 7

Paired chromosomes that have the same genes at the same locations.

Question 8

biavelant

Answer 8

A pair of homologous chromosomes that come together during prophase I of meiosis. Also known as a tetrad.

Question 9

phases of mitosis

Answer 9

• prophase
• metaphase
• anaphase
• telophase

Question 10

non-disjunction

Answer 10

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis I, or failure of sister chromatids to separate correctly during meiosis II.

Question 11

chiasmata

Answer 11

The physical link between two non-sister chromatids belonging to homologous chromatids, where crossing over occurs.

Question 12

non-recombinant chromatids

Answer 12

Chromatids that have not undergone crossing over.

Question 13

recombinant chromatids

Answer 13

Chromatids that have undergone crossing over, resulting in new combinations of alleles.

Question 14

proliferation

Answer 14

The process of cellular division and replication.

Question 15

stages of cell cycle

Answer 15

interphase
- G1
- synthesis
- G2
mitosis
cytokinesis

Question 16

gene expression

Answer 16

The process by which genetic information is used to produce RNA and proteins.

Question 17

promoter

Answer 17

A non-coding region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

Question 18

enhancer

Answer 18

A non-coding region of DNA to which activator proteins bind, facilitating the binding of RNA polymerase to a promoter.

Question 19

transcription factors

Answer 19

A group of proteins that impact gene expression.

Question 20

operon

Answer 20

A group of genes that share a promoter.

Question 21

repressor proteins

Answer 21

Transcription factors that can block the binding of RNA polymerase or other transcription factors to a promoter, downregulating gene expression.

Question 22

epigenetics

Answer 22

The process by which cells and organisms differentiate through the interaction between DNA and environmental factors.

Question 23

2 ways epigenetic impact gene expression

Answer 23

• DNA methylation
• histone modification

Question 24

proteomes

Answer 24

Entire set of protein within a cell or organism.

Question 25

imprinted genes

Answer 25

Genes that retain their epigenetic tags - about 1% of mammals

Question 26

hydration shell

Answer 26

The water molecules surrounding and forming hydrogen bonds with dissolved ions in a solution.

Question 27

hypertonic

Answer 27

A solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution.

Question 28

hypotonic

Answer 28

A solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution.

Question 29

isotonic

Answer 29

A solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution.

Question 30

crenated

Answer 30

The state of an animal cell shrivelling and shrinking as a result of water loss.

Question 31

plasmolysis

Answer 31

The shrinking of the cell membrane away from the cell wall in plant cells due to a loss of water from the cell.

Question 32

solvent

Answer 32

The medium into which solutes dissolve through solvation.

Question 33

solute

Answer 33

A substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

Question 34

contractile vacuoles

Answer 34

Organelles found in certain unicellular organisms, such as protoctists, that collect and expel water to maintain an osmotic balance.

Question 35

water potential

Answer 35

A measure of the potential energy of water, resulting from the solute potential and pressure potential.

Question 36

potential energy

Answer 36

The stored energy in a system.

Question 37

root pressure

Answer 37

A hydrostatic pressure generated when mineral ions are actively transported into the root hair cell of a plant, which in turns draws water in by osmosis, creating a pressure which pushes water up the xylem.

Question 38

formula for water potential

Answer 38

pressure potential plus solute potential