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Biology > A1 Unity and Diversity : Molecules > Flashcards

A1 Unity and Diversity : Molecules Flashcards

water and nucleic acids

1
Q

electronegativity

A

How strongly the nucleus of an atom attracts the electrons it shares with another atom.

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2
Q

polar molecule

A

Molecule with positive and negative charge eg. H2O

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3
Q

covelant bond

A

Bond between non metal atoms where they share electrons eg. H2O

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4
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A weak intermolecular force that exists when electronegativity creates a polar covalent bond.

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5
Q

Cohesion

A

Force that pulls water molecules together that occurs when like molecules are attracted to each other (positive hydrogen to negative oxygen) and causes structures like droplets.

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6
Q

xylem

A

The tissue in a plant that transports water and mineral ions from roots to the leaves and shoots made of dead cells.

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7
Q

adhesion

A

The force of attraction between water and other substances making it “stick” to objects - gets things wet.

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8
Q

capillary action

A

The ability of a liquid to move through narrow tubes that results from adhesion being stronger than cohesion used by plants to move water to move water into cell walls.

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9
Q

hydrophilic

A

The property of polar substances that attract water molecules.

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10
Q

hydrophobic

A

The property of non-polar substances that repel water molecules

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11
Q

cell/plasma membrane

A

The boundary layer of a biological cell, which controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

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12
Q

aquaporins

A

Specialist proteins that facilitate the transport of water across cell membranes. Also known as channel proteins.

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13
Q

Amino acids

A

Small molecules that make up proteins made of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen.

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14
Q

phloem

A

Vascular tissue in plants which conducts sugars and other metabolic products downwards from the leaves.

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15
Q

Buoyancy

A

A force that counteracts the force of gravity caused by high density of liquid water allowing less dense materials to float.

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16
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistance to flow, related to how much energy is needed to change the shape of a fluid.

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17
Q

Thermal conductivity

A

The ability of a substance to transfer heat when there is a temperature difference.

18
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

How much energy is needed to raise the temperature of a substance.

19
Q

Goldilocks zone

A

The orbital distance from a star that will result in liquid water.

20
Q

polymer

A

Large molecules, or macromolecules, made by combining smaller compounds called monomers.

21
Q

nucleic acids

A

Polymers of nucleotides such as DNA and RNA.

22
Q

Monomers

A

A small molecule that can join with other monomers to make a larger polymer molecule.

23
Q

nucleotides

A

The building blocks (monomers) of nucleic acids.

24
Q

condensation reaction

A

A polymerisation reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule and water is released.

25
Q

Polymerisation

A

The process of forming a polymer from monomers.

26
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid that carries genetic information for development and functioning of an organism.

27
Q

RNA

A

A type of nucleic acid that has ribose sugar in its structure.

28
Q

Purines

A

Nitrogenous bases that have two rings in their structure.

29
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Nitrogenous bases that have one ring in their structure.

30
Q

Genetic code

A

A set of rules that specifies how information stored in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids that make up proteins.

31
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

Theory that suggests that life on Earth began with a simple RNA molecule that could copy itself without help from other molecules.

32
Q

replication

A

Copying of the DNA to double its amount and prepare the cell for division.

33
Q

gene expression

A

The process by which genetic information is used to produce RNA and proteins.

34
Q

gene

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

35
Q

transcription

A

Process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into RNA.

36
Q

Translation

A

Process by which ribosomes use the genetic information carried by mRNA to synthesise proteins.

37
Q

Enzyme

A

Biological catalysts that control the speed of reactions.

38
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Nucleosomes An enzyme responsible for synthesising DNA molecules during DNA replication.

39
Q

Nucleosomes

A

A structural unit of eukaryotic chromatin, consisting of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins.

40
Q

Histones

A

Proteins that DNA is wrapped around, forming nucleosomes which helps to regulate gene expression and protect the structural integrity of DNA.

41
Q

DNA Linker

A

A protein that joins DNA in a nucleosome.

Biology (16 decks)

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