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Biology > B1 + 2 Form and Function : Molecules > Flashcards

B1 + 2 Form and Function : Molecules Flashcards

Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

1
Q

macromolecules

A

A giant molecule created by atoms covalently bonded to one another.

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2
Q

lipids

A

Lipids are organic molecules. They are insoluble in water. They are found in the structure of cell membranes and used as energy stores.

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3
Q

disaccaride

A

Two monosaccharides chemically bonded together.

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4
Q

glycosidic bond

A

A covalent bond that connects a sugar molecule to another functional group, such as another sugar molecule or a protein. It is formed by a condensation reaction between hydroxyl groups,

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5
Q

polysaccaride

A

A major class of biomolecules, composed of long chains of carbohydrate molecules.

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6
Q

hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction in which a water molecule is used to break down covalent bonds in a polymer to make monomers

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7
Q

Monosaccaride

A

The simplest form of a carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar unit that cannot be broken down into smaller molecules by hydrolysis eg. glucose, fructose, galactose

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8
Q

isomers

A

Two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms.

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9
Q

alpha glucose

A

isomer of glucose where the hydroxy group is facing down, contained in starch, is branched and helical

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10
Q

beta glucose

A

isomer of glucose where the hydroxy group is facing up, contained in cellulose, is unbranched and straight

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11
Q

oxidation

A

A chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons from an atom or molecule.

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12
Q

reduction

A

A chemical reaction that involves the gain of electrons from an atom or molecule.

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13
Q

starch

A

The polysaccharide that serves as the main energy store in plants, there are two types - amylose (coiled) and amylopectin (branched and most common)

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14
Q

glycogen

A

A branched polysaccharide that serves as the primary energy storage molecule in humans stored mainly in liver and muscle cells

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15
Q

cellulose

A

A type of polysaccharide that is a major structural component of plant cell walls.

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16
Q

glycoproteins

A

A protein that contains one or more attached carbohydrates found on cell membranes that are involved in cell signalling and communication (also determines blood group).

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17
Q

triglycerides

A

A type of liquid molecule composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol.

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18
Q

amphipathic

A

A molecule or compound that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties.

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19
Q

essential Amino acids

A

Amino acids that your body cannot produce.

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20
Q

genetic code

A

A set of rules that specifies how information stored in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids that make up proteins.

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21
Q

transcription

A

Process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into RNA.

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22
Q

translation

A

Process by which ribosomes use the genetic information carried by mRNA to synthesise proteins.

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23
Q

codon

A

A set of three adjacent nucleotides in DNA or mRNA that code for a particular amino acid.

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24
Q

degenerate

A

Refers to the redundancy in the genetic code, which allows for multiple codons to code for the same amino acid.

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25
Q

primary structure

A

Structure of a protein that refers to the specific sequence of amino acids that are joined together to form a polypeptide chain.

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26
Q

secondary structure

A

Structure of a protein that refers to the local folding patterns that occur within the polypeptide chain.

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27
Q

alpha helixes

A

A type of secondary protein structure that forms coils or helix with a right-hand twist.

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28
Q

beta pleated sheets

A

A type of secondary protein structure that forms pleats.

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29
Q

tertiary structure

A

Structure that gives rise to the overall three-dimensional shape of the protein.

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30
Q

disulfide covalent bonds

A

Covalent bonds that form between pairs of cysteine amino acid residues, which contain sulfur atoms.

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31
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

The tendency of non-polar molecules to aggregate and repel water molecules.

32
Q

myoglobin

A

A protein found in muscle tissue that binds and stores oxygen.

33
Q

haemoglobin

A

The iron-containing protein present in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

34
Q

globular proteins

A

Proteins that are compact and spherical in shape. They play important roles as enzymes, transporters and regulators.

35
Q

quaternary structure

A

Structure of a protein refers to the arrangement and interaction of two or more polypeptide chains to form a functional protein.

36
Q

conjugated protein

A

Proteins that contain a non-protein component such as a metal ion or a carbohydrate.

37
Q

non-conjugated proteins

A

Proteins that consist only of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

38
Q

fibrous proteins

A

Structural proteins that have an elongated shape.

39
Q

collagen

A

A fibrous protein that provides strength and support to various tissues in the body, including bones, tendons and cartilage.

40
Q

cholesterol

A

A type of lipid made in the liver that is found in all the cells of the body.

41
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

Proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane and cannot be easily extracted from the membrane.

42
Q

peripheral proteins

A

Proteins that are attached to the plasma membrane that can be easily extracted.

43
Q

channel proteins

A

Specialist proteins that facilitate the transport of water across cell membranes. Also known as aquaporins.

44
Q

tetrameric proteins

A

A quaternary protein with four subunits.

45
Q

endocytosis

A

A process by which cells take in molecules and particles from their environment by engulfing them into vesicles formed by the plasma membrane.

46
Q

exocytosis

A

A type of active transport in which a cell releases materials into its exterior by fusing vesicles containing these molecules with the cell membrane.

47
Q

voltage-gated channels

A

type of ion channels that are responsible for generating and transmitting information in the form of action potentials

48
Q

ligand-gated channels

A

integral membrane proteins that contain a pore which allows the regulated flow of selected ions across the plasma membrane.

49
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

specialized channels designed to respond to a spectrum of mechanical stimuli, including vibration, pressure, gravity and sound waves

50
Q

CAM

A

(Cell-adhesion molecules) cell-surface proteins that help cells interact with each other or with their extracellular matrix.

51
Q

cell junctions

A

Connections that allow cells to communicate with each other and its extracellular matrix, composed of several proteins.

52
Q

tight junctions

A

A type of cell junction wherein adjacent cells form a tight barrier to regulate the movement of substances.

53
Q

gap junctions

A

A type of cell junction wherein adjacent cells are linked together by intracellular channels.

53
Q

Adhesive junctions

A

facilitate cell–cell adhesion in tissues to ensure structural stability and allow the cells to withstand mechanical stress present in epithelial cells and cardiac cells.

53
Q

compartmentalisation

A

The organisation of different functions and processes within specific subcellular structures separated by plasma membranes.

53
Q

lysosomes

A

Compartmentalised spaces within cells that are responsible for breaking down and recycling waste materials.

53
Q

matrix

A

Enclosed region of the inner membrane of mitochondria containing enzymes and products for Krebs cycle.

53
Q

cristae

A

Folds of the inner membrane of mitochondria, increasing the surface area for cellular respiration.

53
Q

stroma

A

Space between the inner membrane and thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts containing enzymes and products for the Calvin cycle.

53
Q

inter membrane space

A

Small space between the inner membrane and outer membrane of mitochondria.

54
Q

thylakoid

A

The interior region of a thylakoid in chloroplasts, where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.

55
Q

granum

A

Stack of thylakoid membranes in plant chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll.

56
Q

lamella

A

Structures that join granum.

57
Q

nuclear pores

A

A complex structure that forms a channel through the nuclear membrane (double membrane surrounding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells) to regulate the transport of materials in and out of the nucleus.

58
Q

blastocyst

A

A cluster of dividing cells formed by the fertilised egg during early embryonic development.

59
Q

trophoblast

A

Cells that will become the placenta.

60
Q

inner cell mass

A

Cells within the blastocyst that will become the embryo.

61
Q

morphogens

A

A chemical in the cell the concentration gradient of which determines the fate of surrounding cells.

62
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

Cells that have the ability to divide to generate the entire organism.

63
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

Cells that can generate multiple types of cells of an organism.

64
Q

multipotent stem cells

A

Cells that can generate many cells of an organism.

65
Q

unipotent stem cells

A

Cells that can generate one cell type of an organism.

66
Q

stem cell niche

A

The microenvironment within the organism in which the stem cells exist and receive their instructions.

67
Q

type 1 pneumocytes

A

Very thin cells in the lung responsible for gas exchange.

68
Q

type 2 pneumocytes

A

Cuboidal cells of the lung that secrete surfactant.

69
Q

sarcomere

A

The basic contractile unit of a muscle, containing actin and myosin.

Biology (16 decks)

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