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D1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is DNA replication

A

prodcution of two identical daugther cellls from one DNA strand

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2
Q

in multicellular organisms, what is DNA replication used for

A
  • growth
  • replacement
  • reproduction; continuity of genetic sequence
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3
Q

what is semi conservative replication

A

one strand of the original DNA is kept in the two daughter ells and the other strand is new

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4
Q

where do hydrogen bonds from in DNA

A

Between complimentary base pairs

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5
Q

dna must replicate before

A

mitosis

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6
Q

what unwinds the dna in replication

A

helicase

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7
Q

helicase breaks _ bonds and _ DNA

A

breaks, unzips

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8
Q

what goes along the split strands of dna

A

DNA plymerase

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9
Q

process of DNA plymerase

A

uses the original DNA asa. template and catalyses the condensation of nucelotides to create the backbone of dna for the other part of the helix

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10
Q

where do nucleotides condense

A

phosphate and deoxyribose

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11
Q

polymerase attatches and reads in a 3’-5’ direction this means

A

the new strand will be built in a 5’-3’ direction

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12
Q

pcr and electrophoresis

A

used to analyse DNA,RNA,proteins

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13
Q

what happens during electrophoresis

A

molecules are separated using electrical current

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14
Q

what are the factors that allow/influence separation

A
  • electrical charge
  • size
  • type of jel
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15
Q

positive molecules move to

A

cathode (negative electrode)

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16
Q

negative molecules move to

A

anode (positive electrode)

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17
Q

size influnces molecule movement beacause

A

different sizes move at different rates

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18
Q

jel influences

A

because the pore sizes

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19
Q

to do electrophoresis you must use

A

polumerase chain reaction PCR

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20
Q

Steps of electophosis

A

1) put an agrose gel plate with wells at one end
2)submerge gel in elctrolye solution
3)load DNA into wells
4)apply electrical current. put DNA closest to cathode beacuse the negative phosphate will attract to anode
5)smaller ones will move faster
6) when smll ones are nearly at anode dye them to reveal the dna
7) the same dna molecules travel the same distance
8)each well can have different trials for comparison

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21
Q

pcr is used to

A

copy DNA artifically, can produce thousands of exact replicas

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22
Q

pcr requires target

A

dna/rna. it doesnt require the whole geno,e just the specific sections that vary

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23
Q

pcr requires dna po

A

lymerase more specificially TAQ polymerase as it is heat stable taken from bacteria in hot springs

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24
Q

pcr requires free nucleptides

A

to construct new strand

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25
pcr requires primers
used to bind to the dna and signal the start for TAQ
26
pcr requires buffer
solution to provide optimal ph
27
where does pcr take place
eppendorfs - a thermal cylider
28
stage one pcr
denaturation heated to 95 degrees wich breaks the two strands apart
29
stage two pcr
annealing decreased temps to 53 degrees so primers can anneal
30
stage three pcr
elongation/extention temperatures increases to 73 degrees for one minute so taq plymerase can build the new strand
31
what are PCR and electrophresis used to do together
produce DNA profiles
32
process of making dna profiles
- dna taken from a person - primers used to promote amplification of STR through pcr - Amplified STRs are separated by jels - patterns can be analysed
33
what are str
STRS short tandem repeats are reapted in dna bases that are used to identify similarity between peoples dna
34
what is genetic profiles used for in real life
forensic investigations paternity investigations
35
transcription
DNA is transcribed and mRNA is produced
36
translation
mRNA is translated and proteins produced
37
anitsense strand
the strand used to make the mRNA runs 3-5
38
sense strand
the copied strand runs 5-3
39
what opens the DNA helix
RRRRRRRRRRRRna polymerase unwiding about one turn at a time
40
stage 2 transcription
RNA polymerase gets free nucleptides and matches them to base pairs. the sugar and phosphate bond to make mrna
41
stage 3
dna rewinds and mRNA leaves nucleus
42
what would be the mrna pairs for gga
ccu
43
what would be the mrna pairs for ctt
gaa
44
what would be the mrna pairs for tag
aug
45
what is gene expression
we have so many coding genes, the body turns them on and off when they are needed. when they are swicthes on they transcript and translate. when they are off they dont.
46
first stage of gene expression
tarnscription
47
where does translateon happen
ribiosomes in the cytoplasm after transcription mrna moves out of nucelar pore and diffuses into cytoplams
48
what does translation do
uses mRNA to sysnthesize a polypeptide
49
what is a ribosome
a complex structure with a large and a small subunit (made of proteins and rna)
50
what attacthes to the small part of ribosome
mRNA
51
What attatches to the large part of ribosome
tRNA
52
instead of free nucleotides in translation in transcription there are free
tRNA
53
triplet of trna is
antiocodon - with amino acid
54
triplet of mra is
codon
55
each triplet of trna codes for
one of the 64 amino acids
56
how is it signalled that the polypeptide has formed
stop codon
57
metaphor for transcription
converting the text from english to french. getting from e-è so t-u
58
metaphor for translation
converting it from french into japanses aca = tryposine (completely different)
59
DNA is chemically stable meaning what?
the covalent bonds make the backbones very strong. this meaning they have contunity rather than change. some genes are transcribed many times throughout a persons life
60
many polypetides are ?
enzymes that catalyse a reaction
61
trna carries
the anitcodons
62
in the ribosome how many TRNs can be binding at once
two
63
0triplet (genetic code
- a codon (on the mRNA) with three bases - 3 is nesecary because there is 20 ammino acids - this makes 64 combinantes 4 cubed
64
degenecary (genetic code)
beacuse there is 64 bases and 20 ammino acids normally more than 2 combinations can code for the same ammino acid this can help minimise the effects of mutations
65
university
in most cases the same bases code for the same ammino acids across defferent species. this gives evidence for evolution from the same cells
66
some codes symbolise the start stop
67
what is elongation of a peptide chain
peptide bonds form between amino acids this is an anabolic reaction cus they are adding on this requires atp energy, provided from mitrochonria happen until stop codon
68
a site
enterance site for new tRNA
69
P site
holds the peptide chain
69
step 1 enlongation
peptide bond forms between the amino acids in P AND A and then chain dagles from a
70
step 2 elongation
ribosome shifts up a spot so the trna is now in P holding the chain. the empty one leaves and A is open
71
step 3
trna goes into a site till the correct one matches
72
aug
start codon
72
step 4
a has the match. pe has chain. e is open - cycle continues
72
coding strand
the one thats esentially being made in the form of RNA
73
template strand
the one rna polymerase is moving along.
74
a mutation
a change in the sequence of bases in dna, wich may result in a new allel
75
mutations occur..
all the time and are random. during the S phase of interphse
76
mutations can be
- harmul - neutral - benefitial
77
mutations in body cells
not inheritab;r and they are eliminated when this cell dies
78
mutations in gamete cells
inheritable
79
a point mutation
is a single base change but this can lead to changed mRNA and then edit ammino acid in translation
80
sickle cell is a mutuation in one base
DNA changes to GAG-GTG template is CAC mrna is GUG instead of GAG it occurs in the sixth postion of the ammino acid chain
81
base supstututions 3 categories
- neutral - deterious (harmful) - benefitial
82
same sense mutations
when the switch in base still codes for the same amino acid due to the redundancy of the genetic code
83
nonsense mutations
when the amino acid becomes a stop codon (ATT,ATC,ACT) causing terminaton the impact varies on the function of the protein
84
mis sense mutations
when the change in base changes the coded amino acid these can be both none harmful if the two ammino acids are similar but also lethal- like sickl cell
85
SNP
single nucelotide polymorphism
86
single nucleotide polymorphism
when a neutral or benefitial mtation occurs in more than 1% of the population has it.
87
insertion/deletion
when bases are entirely added or removed
88
frameshift mutation
when an entire polypeptide reading is alterned due to an insertion or deltion
89
multiple of 3 insertions and deltions
if 3 bases are added or removed, only that amino acid in the polypeptide will be altered. the rest will be the same
90
if it not a multiple of 3 insertion and deletion
a frameshift mutation will occur and all the following triplets will code for different ammino acids
91
mutagens
increases mutation frequency above the background level; they are harmful
92
chemical mutagens + three examples
chemical changes later bases. can be found in substances such as -nitrosamines; ciggaretts -mustard gas; used as a chemical weapon - benzene; used as a solvent in pharmesoutecals
93
high energy radtiation mutagens plus examples
breaks bonds in DNA alowing insertion deltion and substitutions - x rats - beta particles - UVB AND UVC ultraviolet -gamma
94
mutation randomness
- occurs randomly anywhere - organisms cannot controll/do mutations intentionally but rate may be controlled - impacted by sandwitch; gaa is more likley than acg - purpose of dna may play a role; protein coding dna is more succesptible
95
sompatic cell mutations
- body cells not gamamtes - not that damaging - will only kill the one body cell - a group of somatic mutations can be detrienal. eg mutations in cells that controll cell growth may cause cancer
96
germ cells are
cells that give rise to gamates; found in testes and ovaries
97
germ cell mutations
- gamates may carry mutation wich is then passed to offspring - all cells are derved in an organism from the zygote so gets mutation
98
germ line
inheritation of genetic information across generations through the zygote egg and sperm
99
mutations for species
mutations increase gene pools and allow evolution and natural selection. they be harmful to one organism but beneficial to the species.

Molecules biology (4 decks)

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