C1 Flashcards
1
Q
What do catalysts do
A
speed up reactions without being used up
2
Q
what type of catalysts are enzymes
A
biological
3
Q
what are the parts in enzyme activity
A
- active site
- substrate
- product
4
Q
why are enzymes specific
A
each active site fits each substrate and most chemical reactions have a specific enzyme
5
Q
what is metabolism
A
complex network of interdependent and interacting chemical reactions
6
Q
what types of metabolic pathways are there
A
- linear
- cirular
7
Q
anabolism
A
- adding of small substances into larger more complex ones
- substarte will normally be two small ones and product is one big one
8
Q
examples of anabolism
A
- synthesis of monomers to produce macromolecules using ATP by condensation
9
Q
Catabolism
A
Cracking down large molecules into smaller ones
- substrate will normally be two small ones and prodct is one big one
10
Q
examples of catabolism
A
- digestion of macromolecules into monomers by hydroliss
- cel respiration
11
Q
what type of proteins are ezymes
A
globular proteins
12
Q
how do collisions of active site and substrate happen
A
- movement in liquid
- sometimes both move, sometimes its just one
- most of the time, the enzume is the larger part
- when they meet its a ‘collision’
13
Q
when the active site and substrate collide, what happens
A
‘induced fit model’ - they mould to one anouther ever so slightly
14
Q
how is enzyme activity measures
A
- frequency of reactions
15
Q
what factors can cause enzyme activity
A
- temperature, too high it denatures
- substrate concentration, too much or too little
- ph levels, too high or low it will denature
16
Q
how does temp effect enzyme activity
A
the higher the temp, the faster the molecules move and the more SUCESSFUL COLLISIONS occur
17
Q
how is rate of enzyme activity measures
A
amount of substrate used or amount of product released
18
Q
symbols for enzyme acitvity
A
mgs-1 gs-1 dm3s-1 cm3s-1
19
Q
formula for rate of reaction
A
change in substrtate/product devided by time
20
Q
formula for rate of reaction without products
A
1 devided by time taken s-1
21
Q
energy and chemical bonds
A
- energy is required to break chemical bonds
- energy is released when chemical bonds are formed
22
Q
activation evergy
A
reactants require a certain level of energy to break their bonds. activation energy is the minimal amount
23
Q
transitional stage
A
transitional stage when reactants are at maximum engery but they arent products yet
24
Q
what do enzymes do to activation energies
A
they lower it by breaking bonds in the substrate and thus increasing reaction rat e
25
endergonic and exergonic reaction is the whole net energy. what is exothermic and endothermic
thermal energy
26
exothermic reaxtions
releases energy, substrate has more than product
27
endothermic reaction
takes in engery. substrate has less than product
28
atp stands for and contains
adenosine triphosphate and its
- adenine (base)
- ribose
- 3x phosphate
29
how does atp produce energy
it releases 1 phosphate
30
atp feature 1: just the right amount of energy
atp releases enough enegery for metabolism without producing too much that energy is wasted
31
atp feature 2: chemically stable
doesnt just randomly start reacting and producing engery
32
atp feature 3; it is recycleable
meaning ti can be reused
33
atp feature 4; hydrolysis
quick and easy allows for fast response
34
atp feature 5: soluable
can move in and out of cells
35
adp+phosphate+ energy
atp + h20
36
adp adds water and phosphate
condensing to form ATP and water
37
what is cell repiration
a series of chemical reactions that break down carbon compunds - mostly glucose and fatty acids- to produce atp
38
features of aerobic respiration
- uses oxygen
- substrate : sugars or lipids
- 30-32 molecules of atp
- waste: carbon dioxide + water
- where: cytoplasm and mitrochondria
39
Features of anaerobic respiration
- no ocygen
- substrate:glucose + other sugars
- 2 moleciles of atp
- waste : lactate
- where: only cytoplasm
40
aerobic respiration eq
glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water+energy
41
anaerobic respiration eq
glucose - lactate + energu
42
the variables that effect cel respiration
- metabollically active (muscle needs more)
- size
- oxygen supplu
- substance supply
- temp
- ph
43
respomiters
used to measure oxygen consumption
44
hwo does investigating cell resp work
- samples respuires aerobically
- oxygen absorebed, co2 released
- co2 absorbed by alkaline
- chnage in airpressure
- repometer changes
45
repometer can be used or
the one with two tubes and measure how much the line shifts
46
three ways to conroll these experiments
- waterbath for temp
- control tube eg the one with glass beads
- peated times
47
photosyntesis
energy conservation from light to chemical then stored into biomass
48
glucose ratio
carb:hyrd:oxy
1:2:1
49
carbondiox ratio
carb:oxy
1:2
50
how is water used to make glucose
12 water molecules are split and 12h are used for glucose the other 12 are used in the production of water. thats why waters part of photosynthesis
51
carbon dioxide + water -
glucose+oxygen
52
why is oxygen released during photosynthesis
beacuse the splitting of water that provides h for the glucose
53
stages of chromotography
1- tear up and grind leaf with pestle and moarter
2 - transfer to watch glass
3 - dry with hairdryer
4 - add propanoe an organic solvent to disolve and release pigments
5 - draw a pencil line 1 cm high
6 - drop some mixture on paper
7 - suspend paper over line
8 - draw line solvent has traveled to centre of spot
9- calc rf value
54
rf value
distance travelled by spot / distance travelled by solvent
55
plants contain different pigments wich causes...
different wavelength absorbtion
56
pigments in plants
- chlorophyll a
- chlorphyll b
- cartenoids
- xanthophyll
57
wavelentgh colours order
- violet
- indigo
- blue
- green
- yellow
- orange
- red
58
5oo wl
blue
59
600
yellow
60
700
red
61
400
violot
62
450
indigo
63
pigements in chlorophyll have the characteristic of what
their electrons have the ability to jump shells. this is the process of turning light energy into chemical. it reqires a certain level of energy for this exited jump to happen wich is why they absorb certain wavelengths
64
absorbtion spectrum
shows relative amounts of light absorbed
65
absorbtion spectrum can be tested
by exposing a plant to different wavelngths andbubbles produced or change in PH will tell us how much light is absorbed
66
action spectrum
shows rate of photosynthesis at different wavelntgjs
67
the graphs look similar
beacuse absorbtion is related to phototsynthesis but extra pigments allow for photosynthesis at all wavelngths whereas not all wavelntghs are absorbed
68
peaks of both action and absorbtion
400-500 violot - blue and red ish 650-700
69
trought in both absorbtion and action
500-600 blue - orange
70
limiting factors of photosynthesis
- light
- carbon dioxide
- temperature
71
to measure limiting factors of photosynthesis, what 4 things should be done?
- one limiting factor at time
- a suitable range
- accurate dv measuring system
- all over variables controlled
72
equipment to measure photosynthesis limitations
- aquatic plant
- powdered sodium hydrocarbonate
- glass funnel
- boiling tube
- lamp
- water bath
- glass tahnk
73
light experiment photosynthesis
- move the light source diff distances
- suggested 0,4,5,7,110,14 cm
- to controll keep at 5
74
temp experiment photosynthesis
- use water bath/heat plate
- suggested 5-45 degrees in 10-5 increments
- keep at like 25 for controll
75
co2 experiment photosynthesis
- bool water let cool add nahco3
76
nahco3
sodium hydrocarbonate
77
when the graph of photosythesis limitations plateau?
something else has become a factor
78
carbon dioxide enrichment
allow to experiment futyre rates of photosynthesis and plant growth
79
what types of carbon dioxide enrichment experiments
- greenhouse
- face
80
face experiments
free air carbon dioxide experiments
81
greenhouse experiments
allow us to controll all other factors and just test co2
82
face experiments allow
natural enviroment experiment where co2 is pumped to above 550 ppm. larger plants can be studied but not all variables controled. they use air as a baseline
83
Preliminary research and preliminary studies
can be used to identify variables within an experiment
and to determine ways of controlling these variables effectively
