C1 Flashcards
What do catalysts do
speed up reactions without being used up
what type of catalysts are enzymes
biological
what are the parts in enzyme activity
- active site
- substrate
- product
why are enzymes specific
each active site fits each substrate and most chemical reactions have a specific enzyme
what is metabolism
complex network of interdependent and interacting chemical reactions
what types of metabolic pathways are there
- linear
- cirular
anabolism
- adding of small substances into larger more complex ones
- substarte will normally be two small ones and product is one big one
examples of anabolism
- synthesis of monomers to produce macromolecules using ATP by condensation
Catabolism
Cracking down large molecules into smaller ones
- substrate will normally be two small ones and prodct is one big one
examples of catabolism
- digestion of macromolecules into monomers by hydroliss
- cel respiration
what type of proteins are ezymes
globular proteins
how do collisions of active site and substrate happen
- movement in liquid
- sometimes both move, sometimes its just one
- most of the time, the enzume is the larger part
- when they meet its a ‘collision’
when the active site and substrate collide, what happens
‘induced fit model’ - they mould to one anouther ever so slightly
how is enzyme activity measures
- frequency of reactions
what factors can cause enzyme activity
- temperature, too high it denatures
- substrate concentration, too much or too little
- ph levels, too high or low it will denature
how does temp effect enzyme activity
the higher the temp, the faster the molecules move and the more SUCESSFUL COLLISIONS occur
how is rate of enzyme activity measures
amount of substrate used or amount of product released
symbols for enzyme acitvity
mgs-1 gs-1 dm3s-1 cm3s-1
formula for rate of reaction
change in substrtate/product devided by time
formula for rate of reaction without products
1 devided by time taken s-1
energy and chemical bonds
- energy is required to break chemical bonds
- energy is released when chemical bonds are formed
activation evergy
reactants require a certain level of energy to break their bonds. activation energy is the minimal amount
transitional stage
transitional stage when reactants are at maximum engery but they arent products yet
what do enzymes do to activation energies
they lower it by breaking bonds in the substrate and thus increasing reaction rat e
endergonic and exergonic reaction is the whole net energy. what is exothermic and endothermic
thermal energy
exothermic reaxtions
releases energy, substrate has more than product
endothermic reaction
takes in engery. substrate has less than product
atp stands for and contains
adenosine triphosphate and its
- adenine (base)
- ribose
- 3x phosphate
how does atp produce energy
it releases 1 phosphate
atp feature 1: just the right amount of energy
atp releases enough enegery for metabolism without producing too much that energy is wasted
atp feature 2: chemically stable
doesnt just randomly start reacting and producing engery
atp feature 3; it is recycleable
meaning ti can be reused
atp feature 4; hydrolysis
quick and easy allows for fast response
atp feature 5: soluable
can move in and out of cells
adp+phosphate+ energy
atp + h20
adp adds water and phosphate
condensing to form ATP and water
what is cell repiration
a series of chemical reactions that break down carbon compunds - mostly glucose and fatty acids- to produce atp
features of aerobic respiration
- uses oxygen
- substrate : sugars or lipids
- 30-32 molecules of atp
- waste: carbon dioxide + water
- where: cytoplasm and mitrochondria
Features of anaerobic respiration
- no ocygen
- substrate:glucose + other sugars
- 2 moleciles of atp
- waste : lactate
- where: only cytoplasm
aerobic respiration eq
glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water+energy
anaerobic respiration eq
glucose - lactate + energu
the variables that effect cel respiration
- metabollically active (muscle needs more)
- size
- oxygen supplu
- substance supply
- temp
- ph
respomiters
used to measure oxygen consumption
hwo does investigating cell resp work
- samples respuires aerobically
- oxygen absorebed, co2 released
- co2 absorbed by alkaline
- chnage in airpressure
- repometer changes
repometer can be used or
the one with two tubes and measure how much the line shifts
three ways to conroll these experiments
- waterbath for temp
- control tube eg the one with glass beads
- peated times
photosyntesis
energy conservation from light to chemical then stored into biomass
glucose ratio
carb:hyrd:oxy
1:2:1
carbondiox ratio
carb:oxy
1:2
how is water used to make glucose
12 water molecules are split and 12h are used for glucose the other 12 are used in the production of water. thats why waters part of photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water -
glucose+oxygen
why is oxygen released during photosynthesis
beacuse the splitting of water that provides h for the glucose
stages of chromotography
1- tear up and grind leaf with pestle and moarter
2 - transfer to watch glass
3 - dry with hairdryer
4 - add propanoe an organic solvent to disolve and release pigments
5 - draw a pencil line 1 cm high
6 - drop some mixture on paper
7 - suspend paper over line
8 - draw line solvent has traveled to centre of spot
9- calc rf value
rf value
distance travelled by spot / distance travelled by solvent
plants contain different pigments wich causes…
different wavelength absorbtion
pigments in plants
- chlorophyll a
- chlorphyll b
- cartenoids
- xanthophyll
wavelentgh colours order
- violet
- indigo
- blue
- green
- yellow
- orange
- red
5oo wl
blue
600
yellow
700
red
400
violot
450
indigo
pigements in chlorophyll have the characteristic of what
their electrons have the ability to jump shells. this is the process of turning light energy into chemical. it reqires a certain level of energy for this exited jump to happen wich is why they absorb certain wavelengths
absorbtion spectrum
shows relative amounts of light absorbed
absorbtion spectrum can be tested
by exposing a plant to different wavelngths andbubbles produced or change in PH will tell us how much light is absorbed
action spectrum
shows rate of photosynthesis at different wavelntgjs
the graphs look similar
beacuse absorbtion is related to phototsynthesis but extra pigments allow for photosynthesis at all wavelngths whereas not all wavelntghs are absorbed
peaks of both action and absorbtion
400-500 violot - blue and red ish 650-700
trought in both absorbtion and action
500-600 blue - orange
limiting factors of photosynthesis
- light
- carbon dioxide
- temperature
to measure limiting factors of photosynthesis, what 4 things should be done?
- one limiting factor at time
- a suitable range
- accurate dv measuring system
- all over variables controlled
equipment to measure photosynthesis limitations
- aquatic plant
- powdered sodium hydrocarbonate
- glass funnel
- boiling tube
- lamp
- water bath
- glass tahnk
light experiment photosynthesis
- move the light source diff distances
- suggested 0,4,5,7,110,14 cm
- to controll keep at 5
temp experiment photosynthesis
- use water bath/heat plate
- suggested 5-45 degrees in 10-5 increments
- keep at like 25 for controll
co2 experiment photosynthesis
- bool water let cool add nahco3
nahco3
sodium hydrocarbonate
when the graph of photosythesis limitations plateau?
something else has become a factor
carbon dioxide enrichment
allow to experiment futyre rates of photosynthesis and plant growth
what types of carbon dioxide enrichment experiments
- greenhouse
- face
face experiments
free air carbon dioxide experiments
greenhouse experiments
allow us to controll all other factors and just test co2
face experiments allow
natural enviroment experiment where co2 is pumped to above 550 ppm. larger plants can be studied but not all variables controled. they use air as a baseline
Preliminary research and preliminary studies
can be used to identify variables within an experiment
and to determine ways of controlling these variables effectively
