D. tissue tolerances to radiation

Question 1

TD 5/5 other section

Question 2

_____ breaks down one large dose into many smaller doses, which encourages the preservation of normal healthy tissue

Answer 2

Fractionation

Question 3

because of fractionation tissues have time to ___themselves between fractions

Answer 3

Repair

Question 4

fractionation is not as biologically effective as ____ dose when irradiating tumors

Answer 4

one dose

Question 5

complications of normal tissues involved in radiation fields will depend on dose per

Answer 5

fraction

Question 6

a ______dose per fraction will lead to more complications. and makes recovery more difficult

Answer 6

larger

Question 7

the ____the volume of irradiated tissue, the higher dose needed to produce a response

Answer 7

smaller

Question 8

the biologic effects of fractionation depends on the

Answer 8

4R’s

Question 9

what are the 4R’s of biological effect for fractionation?

Answer 9

Repopulation, redistribution, repair, reoxygenation

Question 10

_____is where remaining cells undergo mitosis and repopulate tissue

Answer 10

repopulation

Question 11

repopulation is unfavorable for _____tumor cells

Answer 11

malignant

Question 12

repopulation is favorable in healthy cells within the

Answer 12

treatment field

Question 13

______ is where remaining cells transition to a different cycle of mitosis after irradiation

Answer 13

redistribution

Question 14

____is where healthy tissues repair the radiation damage when adequate oxygen is available

Answer 14

repair

Question 15

malignant tumor cells are more hypoxic than normal tissues and therefore they do not

Answer 15

easily repair themselves

Question 16

_______ is where hypoxic tumor cells become more oxygenated and therefore more radiosensitive, which allows for more of the tumor bed to be destroyed

Answer 16

re oxygenation

Question 17

Each of the time of radiation exposure may determine a

Answer 17

radiation induced cancer

Question 18

people are most radiosensitive during

Answer 18

childhood and an older age (bimodal)

Question 19

children are considered more radiosensitive because there is a

Answer 19

longer time frame for cancer development

Question 20

elderly people are considered radiosensitive because of pre-existing malignant cells. This makes it harder for cells to repair and increase their

Answer 20

radiosensitivity

Question 21

it is more common to undergo more medical imaging procedures as people age which increases exposure to

Answer 21

ionizing radiation in the cumulative effect

Question 22

_____are sensitive to radiation and are likely to fill with low doses of radiation

Answer 22

pacemakers

Question 23

failure of pacemakers during RT depends on the

Answer 23

type of device, beam energy, and dose

Question 24

pacemakers should never be directly in the path of the

Answer 24

radiation beam

Question 25

pacemakers are sensitive to scatter as well and should be ___as best as possible

Answer 25

shielded

Question 26

the APM suggests to keep doses to pacemakers between

Answer 26

2-5 gy

Question 27

hearing aids are sensitive to radiation should be _____before treatment

Answer 27

removed

Question 28

____are substances that increase the response to radiation

Answer 28

radiosensitizers

Question 29

radiosensitizers allow for more cells to be

Answer 29

killed

Question 30

the best radiosensitizer is

Answer 30

oxygen

Question 31

a chemotherapy radiosensitizer example is

Answer 31

doxorubicin

Question 32

______ are substances that decrease the response to radiation

Answer 32

radioprotectors

Question 33

radio protectors search for

Answer 33

free radicals

Question 34

examples of radio protectors are

Answer 34

sulfhydryl's and amifostine

Question 35

When a patient receives chemotherapy along with radiation affects may

Answer 35

be greater

Question 36

some chemotherapy agents make cells more sensitive to radiation. This will change the

Answer 36

dose response relationship curve

Question 37

chemotherapy agents may also affect the cell's ability to

Answer 37

repair

Question 38

_______- is the ratio of the radiation dose needed to cause damage without a chemotherapy drug compared to the radiation dose needed with the chemotherapy drug

Answer 38

dose effect factor (DEF)

Question 39

the DEF is greater than one when chemotherapeutic drugs have a

Answer 39

sensitizing effect

Question 40

_______ can be used as a single treatment type or as a way to boost those to a tumor along with external beam radiation therapy

Answer 40

brachytherapy

Question 41

Studies show that adding HDR brachytherapy to EBRT can improve

Answer 41

local control in some tumor sites

Question 42

when treatments include a combination of brachytherapy and EBRT, longer protraction periods will lessen the effects to

Answer 42

highly proliferating tumors

Question 43

_____ can help spare dose to normal tissue while increasing dose optimization to the tumor when used alone or with EBRT

Answer 43

brachytherapy

Question 44

_____after curative and palliative treatment is possible

Answer 44

reradiation

Question 45

normal tissues can recover after initial radiation treatments. Acutely responding tissue typically recover from previous radiation within a few months and can

Answer 45

tolerate reradiation

Question 46

Factors used to determine if reradiation is possible include:

Answer 46

tissue tolerance of tissues in fields, dose per fraction for previous treatment and new treatment, any observable normal tissue changes from previous radiation, life expectancy, ETC.

Question 47

Imaging is used for treatment._____ purposes

Answer 47

planning and setup

Question 48

CBCT's can add anywhere from ___MGY depending on the technique used

Answer 48

15-80MGY

Question 48

a 3D CT simulation of the chest can deliver a dose of

Answer 48

30-50 MGY

Question 48

patient received an estimated dose of _____MGY print image from a orthogonal pair

Answer 48

1-3MGY

Question 49

imaging contributes additional dose to the

Answer 49

skin, target and normal tissues

Question 50

Portal imaging can add____ MU per image

Answer 50

1-5 MU

Question 51

MVCTs add anywhere from ____MGY depending on pitch, slice, thickness, dose rate. ETC.

Answer 51

10-30MGY