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chapter 2 radiation safety part 1 radiation safety > D. tissue tolerances to radiation > Flashcards

D. tissue tolerances to radiation Flashcards

1
Q

TD 5/5 other section

A
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2
Q

_____ breaks down one large dose into many smaller doses, which encourages the preservation of normal healthy tissue

A

Fractionation

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3
Q

because of fractionation tissues have time to ___themselves between fractions

A

Repair

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4
Q

fractionation is not as biologically effective as ____ dose when irradiating tumors

A

one dose

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5
Q

complications of normal tissues involved in radiation fields will depend on dose per

A

fraction

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6
Q

a ______dose per fraction will lead to more complications. and makes recovery more difficult

A

larger

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7
Q

the ____the volume of irradiated tissue, the higher dose needed to produce a response

A

smaller

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8
Q

the biologic effects of fractionation depends on the

A

4R’s

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9
Q

what are the 4R’s of biological effect for fractionation?

A

Repopulation, redistribution, repair, reoxygenation

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10
Q

_____is where remaining cells undergo mitosis and repopulate tissue

A

repopulation

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11
Q

repopulation is unfavorable for _____tumor cells

A

malignant

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12
Q

repopulation is favorable in healthy cells within the

A

treatment field

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13
Q

______ is where remaining cells transition to a different cycle of mitosis after irradiation

A

redistribution

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14
Q

____is where healthy tissues repair the radiation damage when adequate oxygen is available

A

repair

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15
Q

malignant tumor cells are more hypoxic than normal tissues and therefore they do not

A

easily repair themselves

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16
Q

_______ is where hypoxic tumor cells become more oxygenated and therefore more radiosensitive, which allows for more of the tumor bed to be destroyed

A

re oxygenation

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17
Q

Each of the time of radiation exposure may determine a

A

radiation induced cancer

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18
Q

people are most radiosensitive during

A

childhood and an older age (bimodal)

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19
Q

children are considered more radiosensitive because there is a

A

longer time frame for cancer development

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20
Q

elderly people are considered radiosensitive because of pre-existing malignant cells. This makes it harder for cells to repair and increase their

A

radiosensitivity

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21
Q

it is more common to undergo more medical imaging procedures as people age which increases exposure to

A

ionizing radiation in the cumulative effect

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22
Q

_____are sensitive to radiation and are likely to fill with low doses of radiation

A

pacemakers

23
Q

failure of pacemakers during RT depends on the

A

type of device, beam energy, and dose

24
Q

pacemakers should never be directly in the path of the

A

radiation beam

25
Q

pacemakers are sensitive to scatter as well and should be ___as best as possible

A

shielded

26
Q

the APM suggests to keep doses to pacemakers between

A

2-5 gy

27
Q

hearing aids are sensitive to radiation should be _____before treatment

A

removed

28
Q

____are substances that increase the response to radiation

A

radiosensitizers

29
Q

radiosensitizers allow for more cells to be

A

killed

30
Q

the best radiosensitizer is

A

oxygen

31
Q

a chemotherapy radiosensitizer example is

A

doxorubicin

32
Q

______ are substances that decrease the response to radiation

A

radioprotectors

33
Q

radio protectors search for

A

free radicals

34
Q

examples of radio protectors are

A

sulfhydryl’s and amifostine

35
Q

When a patient receives chemotherapy along with radiation affects may

A

be greater

36
Q

some chemotherapy agents make cells more sensitive to radiation. This will change the

A

dose response relationship curve

37
Q

chemotherapy agents may also affect the cell’s ability to

A

repair

38
Q

_______- is the ratio of the radiation dose needed to cause damage without a chemotherapy drug compared to the radiation dose needed with the chemotherapy drug

A

dose effect factor (DEF)

39
Q

the DEF is greater than one when chemotherapeutic drugs have a

A

sensitizing effect

40
Q

_______ can be used as a single treatment type or as a way to boost those to a tumor along with external beam radiation therapy

A

brachytherapy

41
Q

Studies show that adding HDR brachytherapy to EBRT can improve

A

local control in some tumor sites

42
Q

when treatments include a combination of brachytherapy and EBRT, longer protraction periods will lessen the effects to

A

highly proliferating tumors

43
Q

_____ can help spare dose to normal tissue while increasing dose optimization to the tumor when used alone or with EBRT

A

brachytherapy

44
Q

_____after curative and palliative treatment is possible

A

reradiation

45
Q

normal tissues can recover after initial radiation treatments. Acutely responding tissue typically recover from previous radiation within a few months and can

A

tolerate reradiation

46
Q

Factors used to determine if reradiation is possible include:

A

tissue tolerance of tissues in fields, dose per fraction for previous treatment and new treatment, any observable normal tissue changes from previous radiation, life expectancy, ETC.

47
Q

Imaging is used for treatment._____ purposes

A

planning and setup

48
Q

CBCT’s can add anywhere from ___MGY depending on the technique used

A

15-80MGY

48
Q

a 3D CT simulation of the chest can deliver a dose of

A

30-50 MGY

48
Q

patient received an estimated dose of _____MGY print image from a orthogonal pair

A

1-3MGY

49
Q

imaging contributes additional dose to the

A

skin, target and normal tissues

50
Q

Portal imaging can add____ MU per image

A

1-5 MU

51
Q

MVCTs add anywhere from ____MGY depending on pitch, slice, thickness, dose rate. ETC.

A

10-30MGY

chapter 2 radiation safety part 1 radiation safety (6 decks)

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