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chapter 2 radiation safety part 1 radiation safety > A. radiation sources > Flashcards

A. radiation sources Flashcards

1
Q

Radiation can be emitted in the form of

A

particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both

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2
Q

Emitted radiation includes

A

alpha, beta, and gamma rays

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3
Q

Alpha particles are ___ charges

A

positively

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4
Q

Beta particles are ___ charges

A

negatively

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5
Q

Gamma rays have ____ charge

A

NO

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6
Q

____________ occurs as the source emits radiation in attempt to become stable

A

Radioactive decay

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7
Q

1 Becquerel (Bq) = ___ dps

A

1 dps

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8
Q

1dps = ____ Curie(ci)

A

2.70X 10^ -11 CI

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9
Q

______ of a radioactive source describes the average lifetime decay

A

mean life (Ta)

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10
Q

Radioactive materials can be used for diagnostic tests like

A

nuclear medicine

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11
Q

What is example of nuclear medicine radioactive material

A

Technetium-99

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12
Q

What are some examples of therapeutic radioactive materials?

A

Iodine-125, Palladium- 103, iridium- 192, colbolt-60, Strontium- 90

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13
Q

what is the formula for mean life (Ta)

A

Ta = 1.44 x T1/2

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14
Q

what is half life (T1/2)

A

radioactive source describes the duration of time it takes for the activity to decay half of the original value

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15
Q

_____ the radioactive source of decay

A

Activity

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16
Q

the formula for activity is____

A

A=A0 (.5) ^ T1/2

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17
Q

Brachytherapy is common used for treatments of the

A

Uterus, cervix, lung, prostate, and breast

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18
Q

External applicators, brachy, are used to treat

A

tumor beds, skin surfaces, or mucosal surfaces

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19
Q

Vaginal cylinders, tandem and ovoid, and fletcher-suit applicator are what type of brachytherapy applicators

A

Intracavitary

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20
Q

_____ is a type of brachy where the radioactive source is placed with needles, wire, or seeds directly into malignant tissues

A

interstitial

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21
Q

sources that are used for low dose rate brachytherapy (LDR)

A

40-200 cGy/hr

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22
Q

sources that are used for high dose rate brachytherapy are

A

12 Gy/hr - .2 Gy/min

23
Q

____ was the original radioactive isotope, which helped start brachytherapy

A

Radium (ra-226)

24
Q

Half life= 2.67 days
Ex use: liver caner and lymphoma treatment
Exampling which radioactive source:

A

Yttrium (y-90)

25
Q

Half life= 2.7 days
Ex of use= Permanent implant (seeds) for prostate cancer treatment
Exampling which radioactive source:

A

Gold (Au-198)

26
Q

Half life= 8 days
Ex of use= thyroid cancer treatment
Exampling which radioactive source:

A

Iodine(I-131)

27
Q

Half life= 17 days
Ex of use= permanent implants for prostate cancer treatment
Exampling which radioactive source:

A

Palladium (Pd- 103)

28
Q

Half life= 50.5 days
Ex of use= treats pain caused by bone mets
Exampling which radioactive source:

A

Strontium (sr- 89)

29
Q

Half life= 59.4 days
Ex of use= permanent implants for the treatment of prostate cancer
Exampling which radioactive source:

A

Iodine (I-125)

30
Q

Half life= 73.8 Days
Ex of use= HDR treatments and made of nylon ribbons with seeds
Exampling which radioactive source:

A

Iridium (Ir-192)

31
Q

Half life= 30 years
Ex of use= Brachytherapy for cancers of the cervix or uterus
Exampling which radioactive source:

A

Cesium ( C-137)

32
Q

produced in kilovoltage (KV) for diagnostic x-ray machines

1 kilovolts = 1,000 volts

A

1 kilovolts = 1,000 volts

33
Q

Tungsten has a Z number of ___ and melting point of ___

A

Z = 74
Melting point= 3370 Celsius

33
Q

produced in megavoltage (MV) for linear accelerators for radiation therapy

1 megavolt =
1 megavolts =

A

1 megavolts = 1,000,000 volts
1 megavolts = 1,000 kilovolts

34
Q

Rotating anodes allow for more ______

A

heat dissipation

35
Q

Hooded anodes prevent unwanted

A

secondary electrons

36
Q

Target in megavoltage therapy machines are known as

A

transmission targets

37
Q

In a linear accelerator, there is a waveguide between the electron gun and target to increase

A

electron energies

38
Q

____ efficiency for diagnostic x-ray tubes ____ converted for heat

39
Q

30%-95% for

A

30%-95% efficiency for linear accelerators

40
Q

therapy x ray photons have energy ranges from

A

50 kev - 25 MeV

41
Q

superficial therapy energies ranges from _____

42
Q

orthovoltage energies range from

A

150 kv - 500 kv

43
Q

_____ electrons interaction that occurs near the nucleus

when electrons hit the target

A

Bremsstrahlung

  • electron slows down as it approaches the nucleus and then changes its direction
  • only occurs in MV ranges
  • can happen in both
44
Q

common beam energies for linear accelerators range from

A

4 MV - 25 MV

45
Q

Characteristic X-rays only occur in

A

Diagnostic Radiograph NOT radiation therapy

46
Q

what is characteristic x-ray ?

A

incoming electrons interacts with an inner shell electron causing the inner shell electron to be ejcted

  • outer shell electron fills the new vacancy
47
Q

particles

A

particle beam raditherapy includes high- energy charged particles, such as protons, alpha particles and carbon ions

48
Q

What is a cyclotron?

A

charged particle acclerator

  • used in proton therapy to speed up protons
  • proton speed determines the energy
49
Q

Bragg peak

A

the dose curve of a proton beam starts off is low at the beggining rises rapidly and instantly dies off

50
Q

what is an Isotope

A

same protons

51
Q

what is isotones

A

same neutrons

52
Q

Isobars

A

same # of nucleons

53
Q

Isomers

A

different energy states

chapter 2 radiation safety part 1 radiation safety (6 decks)

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