c. biological effects of radiation part 3

Question 1

The________ shown by an organ that received radiation depends on the radiation dose, the volume of the tissue and the radiation field, the radiosensitivity of the cells involved, and the time that has elapsed since the radiation was delivered

Answer 1

level of response

Question 2

after radiation damage organs can

Answer 2

regenerate or reapair

Question 3

____= replace the damaged cells with the same cell type

Answer 3

regenerate

Question 4

regeneration can lead to a partial or complete reversal of

Answer 4

radiation damage

Question 5

____= replace the damaged cells with a different cell type. Can lead to scar formation or fibrosis

Answer 5

repair

Question 6

Repair occurs when this occurs when parenchymal cells are

Answer 6

destroyed

Question 7

Repair occurs at doses greater than

Answer 7

1000 cGy

Question 8

when damage is so great that regeneration and repair are unattainable, _____ can occur

Answer 8

necrosis

Question 9

radiation damage is shown quicker in cells with shorter _____

Answer 9

mitotic cycles

Question 10

rapidly dividing cells are more ______

Answer 10

radiosensitive

Question 11

skin reacts more quickly and more severely to radiation compared with more radioresistant organs such as the

Answer 11

lungs

Question 12

What is TD 5/5 of ovary- whole organ

Answer 12

200-300 cGy

Question 13

What is TD 5/5 of Testis- whole organ

Answer 13

100 cGy

Question 14

What is the TD 5/5 of skin

Answer 14

5500 cGy

Question 15

What is the TD 5/5 of bone marrow?

Answer 15

250 cGy

Question 16

Carcinogenesis is also known as the formation of

Answer 16

cancer cells

Question 17

Carcinogenesis is a stochastic effect and has no

Answer 17

threshold

Question 18

any dose of radiation may cause

Answer 18

carcinogenesis

Question 19

a common example of something that leads to Carcinogenesis is

Answer 19

radiation

Question 20

the __________ are the most radiosensitive stages of human life

Answer 20

embryo and fetus

Question 21

radiation to the embryo and fetus can be lethal or lead to congenital ______

Answer 21

abnormalities/effects

Question 22

if the fetus is exposed to radiation the effect caused by radiation are typically

Answer 22

present at birth

Question 23

if the sperm or ovum is irradiated the radiation effects may be shown

Answer 23

later in life

Question 24

when exposure to radiation occurs in the pre-implantation stage, day 0 to 10 of gestation, the most common effect is

Answer 24

prenatal death

Question 25

when exposure occurs during the stage of major organogenesis, day 10 to week six of gestation, the most common effect are

Answer 25

abnormalities or neonatal death

Question 26

some examples of abnormalities from radiation exposure in the stage of major organogenesis are

Answer 26

microcephaly, mental retardation, in damage to the skeleton or sensory organs

Question 27

the risk of radiation effects are _____when the fetus is exposed to radiation, week six of gestation to birth

Answer 27

decreased

Question 28

Early effects from radiation occur within _______ of radiation treatment

Answer 28

six months

Question 29

early radiation responses have a threshold for

Answer 29

dose response relationship

Question 30

a minimum dose is required to produce a response for early effects after this minimum dose has been exceeded the severity of response increases as the

Answer 30

dose increase

Question 31

what are some examples of early effects from radiation?

Answer 31

Nausea, hair loss, fatigue, and skin erythema

Question 32

____effects from radiation occur six months after the radiation treatment

Answer 32

late

Question 33

for late effects there's a latent, or a time between when radiation damage occurs and when radiation effects are

Answer 33

shown

Question 34

late effects depend on dose per.

Answer 34

fraction

Question 35

the ______ the dose per fraction the more severe late effect will be

Answer 35

higher

Question 36

What are some examples of late effects?

Answer 36

Fibrosis, scarring, genetic effects, carcinogenicity, leukemia, short lifespan, cataracts

Question 37

_______ radiation responses are common for high dose exposure and early responses

Answer 37

Deterministic( non stochastic)

Question 38

deterministic effects occur depending on the severity of the radiation

Answer 38

dose

Question 39

deterministic effects have

Answer 39

a threshold

Question 40

Deterministic effects or where different doses can cause

Answer 40

different effects

Question 41

some examples of deterministic effects are

Answer 41

cataracts and erythema

Question 42

_________- radiation responses are common for low dose exposure and late responses

Answer 42

Stochastic

Question 43

stochastic effects have a probability of occurring depending on the radiation

Answer 43

dose

Question 44

stochastic effects occur by

Answer 44

chance

Question 45

examples of stochastic effects are

Answer 45

cancer, leukemia or genetic effects

Question 46

T/F there is no threshold for stochastic effects

Answer 46

true

Question 47

_____changes occur when there is damage to and a reduction in the parenchymal cells of the organ

Answer 47

Acute

Question 48

what are some examples of acute changes?

Answer 48

Inflammation edema or hemorrhage

Question 49

_____ changes occur when there is a reduction in non parenchymal cells, or stromal and vascular cells

Answer 49

chronic

Question 50

what are some examples of chronic changes?

Answer 50

Fibrosis, atrophy and ulceration

Question 51

_____ changes are permanent and cannot be reversed

Answer 51

chronic

Question 52

this severe chronic change of all is

Answer 52

necrosis or death

Question 53

_____ radiation syndromes occur with high doses of radiation and penetrate internal organs

Answer 53

Acute

Question 54

for acute radiation syndrome exposure occurs within a

Answer 54

short time span- within minutes

Question 55

radiation sources include high energy X-rays, gamma rays, and neutrons that can cause

Answer 55

acute radiation syndromes

Question 56

there are three acute radiation syndromes according to the CDC which are;

Answer 56

hematopoietic , gastrointestinal , cerebrovascular (CV)\ central nervous system(CNS) syndrome

Question 57

hematopoietic syndrome is also known as

Answer 57

bone marrow syndrome

Question 58

hematopoietic syndrome occurs with doses from

Answer 58

0.7 to 10 gy 1000 cGy

Question 59

hematopoietic syndrome main cause of death is destruction of bone marrow that leads to

Answer 59

infection or hemorrhage

Question 60

mean survival time for hematopoietic syndrome is

Answer 60

a few months - 3 weeks to 2 months

Question 61

for hematopoietic syndrome recovery is possible as bone marrow cells ___

Answer 61

repopulate

Question 62

hematopoietic syndrome chance of survival decreases as dose

Answer 62

increases

Question 63

hematopoietic system is the most _____ system

Answer 63

sensitive

Question 64

gastrointestinal syndrome occurs with doses greater than

Answer 64

10 Gy

Question 65

for gastrointestinal syndrome the main cause of death is irreparable changes to the GI tract and bone marrow that leads to

Answer 65

infection, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance

Question 66

the mean survival time for gastrointestinal syndrome is

Answer 66

2 weeks

Question 67

CV/CNS syndrome occurs with doses greater than

Answer 67

50 Gy

Question 68

For CV/CNS syndrome The main cause of death is due to increased pressure in cranium from increased

Answer 68

fluid, edema, vasculitis, and meningitis

Question 69

For CV/CNS syndrome there is no chance of

Answer 69

recovery

Question 70

There are four stages of acute radiation syndromes:

Answer 70

prodromal, Latent , manifest , and recovery or death

Question 71

____ stage: symptoms include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and / or diarrhea

Answer 71

Prodromal

Question 72

systems for prodromal stage include

Answer 72

nausea vomiting anorexia, and/or diarrhea

Question 73

the prodromal stage can last ?

Answer 73

- 2 hours - 2 days for hematopoietic - hours - 2 days for gI - minutes - hours for CNS

Question 74

During the ___stage patient looks and feels healthy

Answer 74

latent

Question 75

the latency stage lasts a

Answer 75

few hours to a few weeks

Question 76

for the prodromal stage symptoms occur within or last

Answer 76

minutes or days after exposure

Question 77

manifest illness stage: symptoms are syndrome specific and last from

Answer 77

hours to months

Question 78

_____ syndrome symptoms include anorexia, fever, reduced blood cell counts, malaise

Answer 78

hematopoietic

Question 79

_____ syndrome symptoms include watery diarrhea, convulsions, and coma

Answer 79

Cv/Cns

Question 80

______ syndrome symptoms include malaise, anorexia, severe diarrhea, fever, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance

Answer 80

gastrointestinal

Question 81

Recovery from acute radiation syndromes can take up to

Answer 81

two years

Question 82

for acute radiation syndromes time to reach death is dependent on syndrome if

Answer 82

recovery is not possible

Question 83

__________ : is the total dose to gonads that would result in total genetic effects on the population if received by every member of the population

Answer 83

genetically significant dose (GSD)

Question 84

if possible death will be

Answer 84

Question 85

what is GSD

Answer 85

genetically significant dose - the dose that would create genetic effects member of the populations received this dose - dose is delivered to gonads

Question 86

to best calculate GSD - the age, - gender, expected number of children for each person is

Answer 86

taken into consideration

Question 87

the GSD for the US is

Answer 87

20 mrad/year

Question 88

____ is The dose of radiation to healthy tissue that will cause a 5% chance of complication within five years of the delivered dose

Answer 88

TD 5/5

Question 89

each organ will have different adverse effect

Answer 89

radiation doses

Question 90

when less of the organ is involved in the radiation field it can tolerate ____

Answer 90

more dose

Question 91

as the amount of the organ involved increases from 1/3 to 3/3 the tolerance dose ___

Answer 91

reduces

Question 92

T/D 5/5 on other section

Answer 92

do them

Question 93

"repopulation"

Answer 93

remaining cells repopulate

Question 94

"redistribution"

Answer 94

cells transition to a more radiosensitive cell cycle (M & G2)

Question 95

"Repair of sublethal damage"

Answer 95

Healthy tissues repair when oxygenated (malignant cells are Hypoxic cannot easily repair)

Question 96

Reoxygenation

Answer 96

Hypoxic cells become oxygenated and more radiosensative