D - Skeletal System Flashcards
What is the epiphysis?
End of a bone
What is the diaphysis?
Shaft of the bone
What is the articular cartilage?
Cartilage surrounding end of the bone
What is the function of articular cartilage?
Protects the bone from wear and tear
Allows for friction free movement
What is the periosteum?
Thin film covering bone, and has nerves and blood vessels that feed the bone
What is compact bone?
Dense bone in shaft (Crunchie)
What is compact bone resistant to?
Resistant to bending
What is cancellous bone?
More open texture bone found in epiphysis (Areo)
What does the cancellous bone provide?
Provides elastic strength
What is the medullary cavity?
A cavity in the bone that contains bone marrow
What are the types of bone marrow, and what do they provide?
Red bone marrow
- Produces red blood cells
Yellow bone marrow
-Stores fat
What is the growth plate?
The site of bone growth
What are the 3 main bone minerals?
Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium
What is a notch?
A deep indentation in the bone
What is a fossa?
A shallow dip in the bone
What is a condoyle?
Round prominence at the end of the bone
What is a border?
The edge of a bone
What is a process?
Part of a bone that projects out from the main body of the bone
What is a tuberosity?
A projection of bone used for muscle or tendon attachment
What are osteoblasts?
Cells that build bone
What are osteoclasts?
Cells that clear away old bone
Bullet point the process of bone ossification
-Osteoclasts destroy areas of older bone, and the tissue is then reabsorbed into the body
-The osteoclasts activity triggers osteoblasts to lay down collagen and minerals in the area that was destroyed
-The osteoblasts turn into osteoclytes, and form new bone
Name 3 sources of calcium
Dairy foods, dark leafy green vegetables, beans/pulses
Name 3 sources of phosphorus
Nuts, seeds, oats
Name 3 sources of vitamin D
Oily fish, liver, eggs
How many bones does an adult skeleton have?
206
How many bones does a babies skeleton have?
About 300
Name the 5 sections of the vertabrae
- Cervical
-Thoracic
-Lumbar
-Sacrum
-Coccyx
What are the top 2 vertebrae called?
Atlas and Axis
What are the pads of cartilage called in between each vertebrae?
Intervertebral discs
What is the function of intervertebral discs?
They act as shock absorbers to protect the vertebrae from impact
How many bones are in the cervical vertebrae?
7
How many bones are in the thoracic vertebrae?
12
How many bones are in the lumbar vertebrae?
5
How many bones are in the sacrum vertebrae?
5
How many bones are in the coccyx vertebrae?
4
What parts of the skeleton make up the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum
What parts of the skeleton make up the appendicular skeleton?
Shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs
What are the 5 types of bone?
-Long
-Short
-Irregular
-Flat
-Sesamoid
What is the function of long bones?
Main function is to act as a lever
What is the function of short bones?
Designed for strength and weight bearing
What is the function of flat bones?
Protection for internal organs
What is the function of irregular bones?
Variety of functions, including protection and muscle attachment
What is the function of sesamoid bones?
Ease joint movement and resist friction/compression
What are ligaments made of?
Tough, white fibres which are inelastic
Ligaments have poor blood supply. What 2 things does this cause?
-Whiteness in colour
-Increased time to heal if damaged
What is the function of ligaments?
Attach bone to bone, whilst stabalising the joint
What are the 3 classifications of joints?
-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial
State an example of a fibrous joint
Between the plates in the cranium
State an example of a cartilaginous joint
Between the vertabrae
State an example of a synovial joint
Elbow
Name the 6 types of synovial joint
-Hinge
-Ball + Socket
-Pivot
-Condyloid
-Saddle
-Gliding
Give an example of a hinge joint
Knee
Give an example of a ball + socket joint
Shoulder
Give an example of a pivot joint
Neck
Give an example of a condyloid joint
Wrist
Give an example of a saddle joint
Base of thumb
Give an example of a gliding joint
Between carpals
What is the function of a joint capsule?
Keeps the contents in place
What is the function of a synovial membrane?
Releases synovial fluid
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Thick oil-like solution; lubricates the joint and allows free movement
What is the function of articular cartilage?
Prevents wear and tear to the ends of bone
What is the function of a bursa?
Fluid filled sac that helps reduce friction free movement
What is the function of a tendon?
Connects muscle to bone
Name the 6 functions of the skeletal system
1) Provides a supporting framework for the body
2) Offers protection of organs
3) Attachment for skeletal muscle
4) Source of blood cell production
5) Storage of minerals
6) Movement
Supporting framework for the body:
Gives the body its distinctive _____ and _________ to attach _______ and other ____ ______
Supporting framework for the body:
Gives the body its distinctive shape and framework to attach muscles and other soft tissue
Protection of organs:
Bones _______ and _______ the vital ______, e.g. ______ > reproductive organs, and vertebrae > ______ ____
Protection of organs:
Bones support and protect the vital organs, e.g. pelvis > reproductive organs, and vertebrae > spinal cord
Attachment for skeletal muscle:
Bones provide ________ for the __________ of tendons and ligaments
Attachment for skeletal muscle:
Bones provide surfaces for the attachment of tendons and ligaments
Source of blood cell production:
Certain bones contain ___ ____ ______. These produce ___ _____ _____ and _________
Source of blood cell production:
Certain bones contain red bone marrow. These produce red blood cells and platelets
Storage of minerals:
The bones themselves are made of minerals within a _________ ______, storing _______, __________ and ________
Storage of minerals:
The bones themselves are made of minerals within a cartilage matrix, storing calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
Movement:
Bones act as _______, forming ______ and allowing ________ to ____ on them to ______ movement
Movement:
Bones act as levers, forming joints and allowing muscles to pull on them to create movement
