C - Respiratory System Flashcards
Bullet point the passage of air through the respiratory system
1) Air enters the nose via the nose and mouth
2) It passes through the pharynx
3) Air then passes through the larynx
4) Air passes over the epiglotis
5) Air enters the trachea
6) The trachea divides into two bronchi
7) The right and left bronchi divide into bronchioles
8) At the end of bronchioles are groups of air sacs, alveoli
What is the thoracic cavity?
Area between shoulder girdle and diaphragm
Protected by the ribcage
Contains lungs, breathing tubes and heart
What is the visceral pleura?
Membrane covering the lungs
What is the parietal pleura?
Lining of the thoracic cavity
What is the pleural cavity?
Space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura filled with fluid.
This fluid allows the lungs to glide over the surface of the thoracic cavity as they expand/contract
What is the diaphragm?
A large dome-shaped muscle which covers the bottom of the ribcage.
Domes when relaxed, flattens when contracted
What are intercostal muscles?
Two types, external and internal
They are attached to the ribs and assist in the process of breathing by lifting the ribcage (E) and lowering the ribcage (I) during forced breathing
Which type of intercostal muscle assists with inspiration?
External intercostals
Which type of intercostal muscle assists with expiration?
Internal intercostals
What is the eipiglottis?
A flap of tissue that closes over the trachea to prevent food/drink entering our lungs
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
Moistens, filters, and warms the air, allowing an easier flow of oxygen
Why does the trachea have 16-20 C-shaped rings of cartilage?
To prevent the tube from collapsing
DURING INHALATION, what happens to the diaphragm at rest/during exercise?
At rest: Contracts and flattens
During exercise: Contracts and flattens
DURING INHALATION, what happens to the external intercostals at rest/during exercise?
At rest: Contracting, which lifts ribs up and out
During exercise: Contracting, which lifts ribs up and out
DURING INHALATION, what happens to the ribcage at rest/during exercise?
At rest: Pushed up and out
During exercise: Lifted up and out
DURING INHALATION, what happens to the thoracic cavity at rest/during exercise?
At rest: Increases
During exercise: Increases further
DURING INHALATION, what happens to the air pressure at rest/during exercise?
At rest: Decreases
During exercise: Decreases
DURING INHALATION, what happens to the air flow at rest/during exercise?
At rest: Air is drawn in
During exercise: More air is drawn in
What additional muscles assist inhalation during exercise?
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectorals
DURING EXHALATION, what happens to the diaphragm at rest/during exercise?
At rest: Relaxes and domes
During exercise: Relaxes and domes
DURING EXHALATION, what happens to the external intercostals at rest/during exercise?
At rest: Relax
During exercise: Relax
DURING EXHALATION, what happens to the ribcage at rest/during exercise?
At rest: Drop inwards and downwards
During exercise: Drop inwards and downwards
DURING EXHALATION, what happens to the thoracic cavity at rest/during exercise?
At rest: Volume decreases
During exercise: Volume decreases
DURING EXHALATION, what happens to the air pressure at rest/during exercise?
At rest: Increases
During exercise: Increases
DURING EXHALATION, what happens to the air flow at rest/during exercise?
At rest: Forced out
During exercise: Forced out fast
What additional muscles assist exhalation during exercise?
Internal intercostals
Scalenes
Rectus abdomininis
Transverse abdominis
Obliques
What is the purpose of gaseous exchange?
Allows the body to replenish oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Complete the equation for cellular respiration
Food + ______ > Energy + Carbon Dioxide + _____
Food + Oxygen > Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water
What % of air is nitrogen when inhaled?
79.04%
What % of air is oxygen when inhaled?
20.93%
What % of air is carbon dioxide when inhaled?
0.03%
What % of air is nitrogen when exhaled?
79%
What % of air is oxygen when exhaled?
17%
What % of air is carbon dioxide when exhaled?
4%
Why are there differences between the values of inhaled and exhaled oxygen and carbon dioxide?
-Oxygen is extracted from inhaled air and replaced with carbon dioxide
-We use the oxygen to produce energy for metabolism and movement
-Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product
Describe the process by which gases are able to move from one area to another
Diffusion - The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low
Why is there a high concentration of CO2 and a low concentration of 02 in the muscle?
Muscles use 02 for respiration, and produced CO2 as a result
What piece of equipment is used to assess an individuals lung function?
Spirometer
What is total lung volume?
Vital capacity plus residual volume; total amount of air present in lungs at any moment
What is tidal volume?
Amount breathed in with each breath
What is vital capacity?
Maximum amount of air that can be breathed in and out in one breath
What is residual volume?
Amount of air left in lungs after maximal exhale
What is inspiratory reserve?
Max inspiration at the end of tidal inspiration
What is expiratory reserve?
Max expiration at the end of tidal expiration
