D&S Chpt 3 pg71 to 74 & 77 to 91 Flashcards
Where does learning take place in the brain?
o Frontal Lobes = Thinking, reasoning, planning, language, decision-making and self-monitoring
o Parietal Lobes = Attention, word processing
o Occipital Lobes = Remembering & interpreting visual information
o Temporal Lobes = Interpret & remember auditory info AND highly involved in LONG TERM MEMORY (LTM)
What is the Amygdala?
- The Amygdala plays a role in negative emotions such as stress, fear and depression, can interrupt attention when anxiety is present.
Is intelligence fixed or malleable?
- Malleable, intelligence can be improved through experience, by creating new neural connections when information is challenged or learned.
Is a growth-mindset more beneficial than a fixed-mindset? How does GM affect self-regulation?
- A growth-mindset (GM) is more beneficial to grow intelligence. GM views success as the result of the expenditure of effort, is welcoming of challenges because it creates new neurological connections and produces more positive long-term learning outcomes. GM also welcomes learning from mistakes, all of this is characteristic of a Self-regulated GM learner.
What is neuroplasticity?
- The ability of the brain to grow and change as a result of input from the environment.
What is the Information processing system? (IPS)
- The process by which info is encoded into long term memory. Information travels similarly to how data flows through RAM and into a hard drive.
- Input > Short Term Sensory Store (STSS) > Working Memory (WM) > Long Term Memory (LTM)
- STSS filters the input for useful information to put into WM
- WM modifies information prior to putting it into LTM
- LTM stores the information for recall later
- Attention is required to gather input for WM
- Rehearsal/Elaboration/Organization (e.g. modifying info) is required in WM before being stored in LTM
- Retrieval places information back into WM from LTR
How does the IPS explain learning?
- IPS = The cognitive structure through which information flows, is controlled and transformed during the learning process.
o Storage = Putting info into memory
o Encoding = changing info before storage because info is not exactly store as it is presented.
o Retrieval = the process of remembering.
What is STSS?
- STSS is part of the IPS that temporarily stores info from the senses.
What is WM?
- Part of the IPS where the active processing of information takes place.
- WM uses the Frontal, temporal and parietal lobes.
- Screens and decides how to handle stimuli
- Limited by capacity (7 +/- 2) and duration
o Chunking and categorizing info helps maintain more bits of info (e.g. 867-5309)
o Organization (mapping/representations) help reduce memory load
What is Maintenance Rehearsal?
“Maintenance Rehearsal” = is a strat to help keep info in WM longer (e.g. repeating names or directions)
What is LTM?
- The part of the IPS that holds info for long periods of time.
- Info is stored more like a jigsaw puzzle all with pieces of memory scattered throughout the brain, not so much like a filing cabinet.
- LTM can be influenced by Prior Knowledge and modification of the information such as an organizational structure or mapping
What are the flaws of human memory and how many are there?
- 7 flaws
- Transience = forgetting a fact or idea
- Absent mindedness = breakdown in attention negatively effecting memory
- Blocking = the inability to recall information from LTM
- Missatributation = Assigning a memory to the wrong source
- Suggestability = implanted memory from a suggestion, or leading question or comment
- Bias = wrongly add or change info during memorization
- Persistence = a persistent negative thought or memory that triggers pain
What is the difference between rote learning and meaningful learning?
- Rote is recalling facts or date vs. meaningful learning is the ability to understand and compare/contrast concepts and ideas. Also make new insights and elaborate/organize information.
- Meaningful learning attempts to make sense of information for storage in LTM.
What is a rehearsal strategy?
- Copying, underlining, taking notes.
- Rehearsal is better if done as a distributed practice (e.g. short rote sessions) over massed practice.
What is elaboration strategy?
- Summarizing, note making, self-testing, generating & answering questions
- Make associations between new information and existing prior knowledge already in LTM
- Creating analogies, Creating acronyms and mnemonics
- Note making is defined as creating questions from notes to ensure understanding
- Elaboration can be summed up as being asked to elaborate on something you have said. You want to add detail, use examples to better clarify information
