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D Flashcards

1
Q

Def of Infectious Diseases

A
  • Clinically evident diseases resulted from the presence of pathogenic microorganisms with the potential of transmission from a person to another.]
  • Infectious Diseases are many but limited by our knowledge, facilities, & ignorance.
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2
Q

what are causes of Infectious Diseases?

A
  • Bacterial.
  • Viral.
  • Fungal.
  • Parasitic.
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2
Q

Samples will be subjected to:

A
  • Phenotypic microbiological analyses.
  • Immunological-serological analyses.
  • Genotypic-Molecular biological analyses.
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3
Q

Types of samples

A
  • Blood.
  • Sputum.
  • Urine.
  • CSF.
  • Stool.
  • Pus.
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4
Q

Phases of diagnosis

A
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4
Q

Preanalytical phase of diagnosis

A
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5
Q

Importance of Sampling

A

(good sample = true result)

  • The successful identification of microbe depends on sampling.
  • The specimen is the beginning:
    As all diagnostic information from the laboratory depends upon the knowledge by which specimens are chosen & the care with which they are collected & transported.
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5
Q

Proper selection of type of sample

A

Collect the appropriate type of specimen for diagnosis of the infectious disease.

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5
Q

what does the quality of the sample Depend on?

A
  • Proper Selection
  • Proper Collection
  • Proper Transport
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6
Q

Proper collection of sample

A

Avoid harming the patient & causing discomfort

Site:
- Collected tom: site pathingen is most likely to be round.

Time:
- The acute stage is the best.
- Before antimicrobial therapy has begun.

Quanlity:
- Sufficient quantity.

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6
Q

proper transport of sample

A
  • Specimens should be protected from heat & cold.
  • Specimen transported promptly Within 2 hours.
  • Use of transport media especially for anaerobic culture.
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7
Q

Def of Direct methods of diagnosis

A
  • Detection of organisms, their structural components & their products.
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7
Q

Clinical specimens from various organs

A
  • Circulatory System.
  • (Skin- Abscess - Wound) Specimens.
  • Eyes & Ears.
  • Respiratory System.
  • Central Nervous System.
  • Urinary Tract.
  • Genital Tract.
  • Oral Cavity.
  • Gastrointestinal Tract.
  • Body Fluids.
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8
Q

Examples of Direct methods of diagnosis

A
  • Macroscopic evaluation.
  • Microscopy (Unstained & Stained).
  • Culture & biochemical reactions.
  • Detection of microbial antigens & products.
  • Molecular identification of nucleic acids (PCR & DNA probe technology).
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9
Q

Def of InDirect methods of diagnosis

A
  • Detection of antibodies against the microorganism in the patient’s serum.
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10
Q

Examples of InDirect methods of diagnosis

A
  • Serologic method
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10
Q

Macroscopic examination of samples

A
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11
Q

Microscopic examination of samples

A
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12
Q

Def of Culture

A

The process of growing & propagating organisms in a media that is conducive for their growth.

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13
Q

Importance of Culture

A

It Reproduce the organism for use for additional testing

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13
Q

Types of Culture

A
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14
Q

Identification of bacteria

A
  1. Morphology.
  2. Growth requirements.
  3. Biochemistry.
  4. Enzymes.
  5. Antigens.
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15
Q

Rapid identification of bacteria

A

Automated bacterial identification & Antimicrobial susceptibility systems.

16
Q

Example of Automated bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility systems

A

VITEK system.

17
Q

Principle of Automated bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility systems

A
17
Q

Time of results of Automated bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility systems

A

Available within 6-8 hours.

18
Q

Drawbacks of Culture of Pathogenic Microbes

A
18
Q

Diagnosis of infection with slow-growing or non-culturable bacteria tends to rely on….

A

Direct: by molecular methods (PCR).

Indirect: by serodiagnosis (antibody detection).

19
Q

Diagnostic Methods through time

A
20
Q

Def of Direct Antigen detection

A
  • Assays are available for rapid detection of
  • Bacterial Antigens (surface antigen - soluble antigen).
  • Or toxin in biological fluids e.g. (CSF - blood - urine).
20
Q

When are Direct Antigen detection useful?

A
  • Prior antibiotic therapy has been initiated & cultures are negative after 24 hours of incubation.
  • Rapid results in critical ill patients e.g. meningitis.
21
Q

Principle & Types of Direct Antigen detection

A
21
Q

Def of Molecular biology Techniques

A

Molecular detection techniques for bacterial, viral and fungal DNA.

22
Q

Importance of Molecular biology Techniques

A
23
Q

Disadvantages of Molecular biology Techniques

A
24
Q

Def of MULTIPLEX PCR

A

Simultaneous detection of dozens of targets from one patient sample

25
Q

Characters of MULTIPLEX PCR

A
26
Q

Def of Indirect tests (serodiagnosis & Immune status tests)

A

Tests for detection of specific antibody for infectious agents including (IgM - IgG - IgA).

27
Q

What is diagnostic in Indirect tests (serodiagnosis & Immune status tests)?

A

Rising antibody titer (at least 4 folds) is diagnostic.

28
Q

Time of sample collection in Indirect tests (serodiagnosis & Immune status tests)

A

Samples are withdrawn at acute & convalescent stages (within 14 days).

29
Q

Techniques of Indirect tests (serodiagnosis & Immune status tests)

A
29
Q

Advantages of Indirect tests (serodiagnosis & Immune status tests)

A
  • Inexpensive.
  • Easy to perform.
  • Allows identification of:
  • Acute infection → IgM.
  • Past infection → IgG.
30
Q

Disadvantages of Indirect tests (serodiagnosis & Immune status tests)

A
  • Delayed response.
  • False negative results during sero-conversion window.
  • Time of infection not always clear.
31
Q

Sampling for mycological examination

A
  • Clean the site with alcohol 70%.
  • Sterile scalpel is used for scrapping.
  • Sterile scissor is used for trimming the nails.
  • Scales are transferred in clean dark paper.
32
Q

Inoculation of fungal infections

A
33
Q

Sampling for viral examination

A

Time: Sample should be collected during the most active stage of the disease.

Transport:
* Samples as (urine - stool - sputum - CSF) are transported directly to the lab.
* Swaps from (throat - nose - vesicles - cervix) are transported in viral transport medium.

34
Q

Biohazard label should be used for containers of …..

A

(HBV - HCV - HIV)

35
Q

Methods of viral detection

A
36
Q

Def of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration

A

The lowest concentration of antimicrobials that will inhibit the growth of organisms.

36
Q

importance of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration

A

Confirm resistance of organisms to an antimicrobial agent.

37
Q

Methods of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration

A
38
Q

Post-Analytical phase of diagnosis

A
  • Reporting of:
  • Identification.
  • Antibiotic sensitivity.
  • Treatment
39
Q

Def of Rapid Detection Tests

A

Tests that give results in minutes to 1-2 hours.

40
Q

Characters of Rapid Detection Tests

A
  • Accurate.
  • Simple to use.
  • Low cost.
  • Stable under extreme conditions.
  • Little or no processing.
  • Culturally acceptable “Give the same result of the culture”.
  • Easy to interpret.
41
Q

Revolution in Direct Detection of Infections

A
  • Direct antigens.
  • Direct antibody.
  • Nucleic Acid (NA) based technology.
42
Q

Check conclusion

A

..

43
Q

Check take home messages

A

..

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