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Histology > Cytology II: The Cytoplasm > Flashcards

Cytology II: The Cytoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

What transports organelles in and out of the cell, maintains the cells internal composition, discloses the cells identity, and receives external signals

A

The cell membrane.

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2
Q

What is the job of the cytoskeleton?

A

It is involved in cell support, shape, movement of the cell, and movement of materials within the cell.

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3
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Tiny rods composed of the protein actin.

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4
Q

What are four examples of structures with large amounts of microfilament?

A

Microvilli, terminal web, contractile ring, and muscle cells.

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5
Q

What is the terminal web?

A

Network of filaments underneath the apical surface in cells with microvilli.

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6
Q

What is the contractile ring?

A

Responsible for cytoplasmic constriction during cytokinesis at end of mitosis or meiosis.

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7
Q

What is another name for myosin filaments?

A

Thick filaments

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8
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

A heterogeneous class of filaments important in cell support and shape. Very stable with low turnover.

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9
Q

Which filaments can be used to identify metastasized cancer cells?

A

Intermediate filaments

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10
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow tubes composed of the protein, tubulin.

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11
Q

Name some structures with large microtubules.

A

Centrioles, Mitotic spindle, Cilia

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12
Q

Tiny organelles composed of microtubules organized into 9 triplets.

A

Centrioles

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13
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

Collection of microtubules that attach and move the chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.

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14
Q

Structure of cilia and flagella.

A

Axoneme and basal bodies

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15
Q

True or False. Mitochondria are basophilic in H&E.

A

False they are acidophilic.

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16
Q

Structure of axoneme.

A

9 sets of doublet microtubules + a central doublet (9+2) through the shaft

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17
Q

Where are ribosomes manufactured?

A

In the nucleolus.

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18
Q

What is the primary job of ribosomes with RNA?

A

To assemble amino acids into proteins.

19
Q

Are ribosomes acidophilic or basophilic in H&E?

A

Basophilic

20
Q

An extensive system of interconnected membrane bound cavities that are continuous with the nuclear membrane.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

21
Q

RER is the site of protein synthesis for:

A

Secretory proteins and lysosomal proteins and integral proteins

22
Q

True or False. RER is basophilic.

A

True because of the attached ribosomes.

23
Q

What is synthesized by the smooth ER?

A

Lipids and cholesterol derived compounds.

24
Q

What is the role of the smooth ER in liver cells.

A

To remove toxins, lipid soluble drugs, and alcohol from the blood.

25
Q

Exocytosis

A

Release of material FROM the cell

26
Q

Entrance of material into the cell

A

Endocytosis

27
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Ingestion of small particles and fluids

28
Q

Ingestion of larger particles (bacteria, and debris) into the cell.

A

Phagocytosis

29
Q

What are three key functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  1. Chemical modification of proteins (addition of carbohydrates).
  2. Packaging and distribution of secretory proteins.
  3. Distribution and recycling depot for various kinds of membranes in the cell.
30
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane bound bags of hydrolytic enzymes.

31
Q

Two examples of lysosomes which function outside of the cell.

A

Eosinophils and osteoclasts

32
Q

Heterophagy

A

Breakdown of materials brought into the cell by phagocytosis.

33
Q

Breakdown of materials found within the cell.

A

Autophagy

34
Q

Primary Lysosomes

A

Newly formed, virgin lysosomes.

35
Q

Secondary Lysosomes

A

Vesicles formed after the fusion of primary lysosomes with the membrane bound material to be destroyed.

36
Q

Left over material after destruction that can slowly dissolve away

A

Residual bodies

37
Q

What constitutes the cell membrane?

A

The plasmalemma, and plasma membrane forming a semi permeable bi layer with associated proteins and carbohydrates.

38
Q

Name two examples of cytoplasmic inclusions and give examples of each.

A

Stored foods. I.e. glycogen and lipid.

Pigments. I.e. Lipofuscin, melanin, and other pigments.

39
Q

Decrease in cell size

A

Atrophy

40
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

41
Q

Increase in cell number

A

Hyperplasia

42
Q

What is programmed cell death?

A

Apoptosis

43
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death caused by acute cell injury

Histology (4 decks)

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