Cytology II: The Cytoplasm Flashcards
What transports organelles in and out of the cell, maintains the cells internal composition, discloses the cells identity, and receives external signals
The cell membrane.
What is the job of the cytoskeleton?
It is involved in cell support, shape, movement of the cell, and movement of materials within the cell.
What are microfilaments?
Tiny rods composed of the protein actin.
What are four examples of structures with large amounts of microfilament?
Microvilli, terminal web, contractile ring, and muscle cells.
What is the terminal web?
Network of filaments underneath the apical surface in cells with microvilli.
What is the contractile ring?
Responsible for cytoplasmic constriction during cytokinesis at end of mitosis or meiosis.
What is another name for myosin filaments?
Thick filaments
Intermediate filaments
A heterogeneous class of filaments important in cell support and shape. Very stable with low turnover.
Which filaments can be used to identify metastasized cancer cells?
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Hollow tubes composed of the protein, tubulin.
Name some structures with large microtubules.
Centrioles, Mitotic spindle, Cilia
Tiny organelles composed of microtubules organized into 9 triplets.
Centrioles
Mitotic Spindle
Collection of microtubules that attach and move the chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.
Structure of cilia and flagella.
Axoneme and basal bodies
True or False. Mitochondria are basophilic in H&E.
False they are acidophilic.
Structure of axoneme.
9 sets of doublet microtubules + a central doublet (9+2) through the shaft
Where are ribosomes manufactured?
In the nucleolus.
What is the primary job of ribosomes with RNA?
To assemble amino acids into proteins.
Are ribosomes acidophilic or basophilic in H&E?
Basophilic
An extensive system of interconnected membrane bound cavities that are continuous with the nuclear membrane.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
RER is the site of protein synthesis for:
Secretory proteins and lysosomal proteins and integral proteins
True or False. RER is basophilic.
True because of the attached ribosomes.
What is synthesized by the smooth ER?
Lipids and cholesterol derived compounds.
What is the role of the smooth ER in liver cells.
To remove toxins, lipid soluble drugs, and alcohol from the blood.
Exocytosis
Release of material FROM the cell
Entrance of material into the cell
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Ingestion of small particles and fluids
Ingestion of larger particles (bacteria, and debris) into the cell.
Phagocytosis
What are three key functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
- Chemical modification of proteins (addition of carbohydrates).
- Packaging and distribution of secretory proteins.
- Distribution and recycling depot for various kinds of membranes in the cell.
Lysosomes
Membrane bound bags of hydrolytic enzymes.
Two examples of lysosomes which function outside of the cell.
Eosinophils and osteoclasts
Heterophagy
Breakdown of materials brought into the cell by phagocytosis.
Breakdown of materials found within the cell.
Autophagy
Primary Lysosomes
Newly formed, virgin lysosomes.
Secondary Lysosomes
Vesicles formed after the fusion of primary lysosomes with the membrane bound material to be destroyed.
Left over material after destruction that can slowly dissolve away
Residual bodies
What constitutes the cell membrane?
The plasmalemma, and plasma membrane forming a semi permeable bi layer with associated proteins and carbohydrates.
Name two examples of cytoplasmic inclusions and give examples of each.
Stored foods. I.e. glycogen and lipid.
Pigments. I.e. Lipofuscin, melanin, and other pigments.
Decrease in cell size
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
Increase in cell number
Hyperplasia
What is programmed cell death?
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Cell death caused by acute cell injury
