Cytology II: The Cytoplasm

Question 1

What transports organelles in and out of the cell, maintains the cells internal composition, discloses the cells identity, and receives external signals

Answer 1

The cell membrane.

Question 2

What is the job of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 2

It is involved in cell support, shape, movement of the cell, and movement of materials within the cell.

Question 3

What are microfilaments?

Answer 3

Tiny rods composed of the protein actin.

Question 4

What are four examples of structures with large amounts of microfilament?

Answer 4

Microvilli, terminal web, contractile ring, and muscle cells.

Question 5

What is the terminal web?

Answer 5

Network of filaments underneath the apical surface in cells with microvilli.

Question 6

What is the contractile ring?

Answer 6

Responsible for cytoplasmic constriction during cytokinesis at end of mitosis or meiosis.

Question 7

What is another name for myosin filaments?

Answer 7

Thick filaments

Question 8

Intermediate filaments

Answer 8

A heterogeneous class of filaments important in cell support and shape. Very stable with low turnover.

Question 9

Which filaments can be used to identify metastasized cancer cells?

Answer 9

Intermediate filaments

Question 10

Microtubules

Answer 10

Hollow tubes composed of the protein, tubulin.

Question 11

Name some structures with large microtubules.

Answer 11

Centrioles, Mitotic spindle, Cilia

Question 12

Tiny organelles composed of microtubules organized into 9 triplets.

Answer 12

Centrioles

Question 13

Mitotic Spindle

Answer 13

Collection of microtubules that attach and move the chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.

Question 14

Structure of cilia and flagella.

Answer 14

Axoneme and basal bodies

Question 15

True or False. Mitochondria are basophilic in H&E.

Answer 15

False they are acidophilic.

Question 16

Structure of axoneme.

Answer 16

9 sets of doublet microtubules + a central doublet (9+2) through the shaft

Question 17

Where are ribosomes manufactured?

Answer 17

In the nucleolus.

Question 18

What is the primary job of ribosomes with RNA?

Answer 18

To assemble amino acids into proteins.

Question 19

Are ribosomes acidophilic or basophilic in H&E?

Answer 19

Basophilic

Question 20

An extensive system of interconnected membrane bound cavities that are continuous with the nuclear membrane.

Answer 20

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 21

RER is the site of protein synthesis for:

Answer 21

Secretory proteins and lysosomal proteins and integral proteins

Question 22

True or False. RER is basophilic.

Answer 22

True because of the attached ribosomes.

Question 23

What is synthesized by the smooth ER?

Answer 23

Lipids and cholesterol derived compounds.

Question 24

What is the role of the smooth ER in liver cells.

Answer 24

To remove toxins, lipid soluble drugs, and alcohol from the blood.

Question 25

Exocytosis

Answer 25

Release of material FROM the cell

Question 26

Entrance of material into the cell

Answer 26

Endocytosis

Question 27

Pinocytosis

Answer 27

Ingestion of small particles and fluids

Question 28

Ingestion of larger particles (bacteria, and debris) into the cell.

Answer 28

Phagocytosis

Question 29

What are three key functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 29

1. Chemical modification of proteins (addition of carbohydrates). 2. Packaging and distribution of secretory proteins. 3. Distribution and recycling depot for various kinds of membranes in the cell.

Question 30

Lysosomes

Answer 30

Membrane bound bags of hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 31

Two examples of lysosomes which function outside of the cell.

Answer 31

Eosinophils and osteoclasts

Question 32

Heterophagy

Answer 32

Breakdown of materials brought into the cell by phagocytosis.

Question 33

Breakdown of materials found within the cell.

Answer 33

Autophagy

Question 34

Primary Lysosomes

Answer 34

Newly formed, virgin lysosomes.

Question 35

Secondary Lysosomes

Answer 35

Vesicles formed after the fusion of primary lysosomes with the membrane bound material to be destroyed.

Question 36

Left over material after destruction that can slowly dissolve away

Answer 36

Residual bodies

Question 37

What constitutes the cell membrane?

Answer 37

The plasmalemma, and plasma membrane forming a semi permeable bi layer with associated proteins and carbohydrates.

Question 38

Name two examples of cytoplasmic inclusions and give examples of each.

Answer 38

Stored foods. I.e. glycogen and lipid. | Pigments. I.e. Lipofuscin, melanin, and other pigments.

Question 39

Decrease in cell size

Answer 39

Atrophy

Question 40

Hypertrophy

Answer 40

Increase in cell size

Question 41

Increase in cell number

Answer 41

Hyperplasia

Question 42

What is programmed cell death?

Answer 42

Apoptosis

Question 43

Necrosis

Answer 43

Cell death caused by acute cell injury