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Histology > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Size of cell

A

from 4 um to 150 um

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2
Q

do non membranes organelles contain enzymes

A

no

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3
Q

size of plasma membrane and stain

A

7.5-10 nm - Ag or PAS stain

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4
Q

mitochondria contains transmembrane proteins called

A

porins

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5
Q

describe the outer and inner mitochondrial layers

A 
outer- permeable
contains porins
inner- less permeable, selective
has cristae
have cylinder stalks
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6
Q

mitochondria matrix composed of:

A

enzymes of TCA cycle
circular DNA, all types of RNA
granules of Ca+

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7
Q

functions of mitochondria

A

cellular respiration

liberate energy for heat or cycles

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8
Q

no mitochondria =

A

no ATP = no activities

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9
Q

endoplasmic reticulum definition

A

membranous that has channels and sacs called cisternae

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10
Q

rough ER vs smooth ER
site
LM

A

rough- protein forming such as plasma, pancreatic, blast cells
basophillia
smooth- lipid forming such as liver and glands
acidophillia

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11
Q

rough ER function

A
  1. protein synthesis by ribosomes
  2. segregation of proteins
  3. initial glycosylation of protein by addition of monosaccharides
  4. packing of proteins in transfer vesicles
  5. protection of cytoplasm from hydrolytic enzymes formed in cisternae
  6. intracellular pathway for substances (tubes)
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12
Q

smooth ER function

A
  1. phospholipid molecules synthesizes that make cell membrane
  2. steroid hormone synthesis (cortisone & testosterone)
  3. breakdown of glycogen to glucose in liver cells
  4. detoxicifation of drugs
  5. stores Ca++
  6. acts as intracellular pathway
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13
Q

EM of rough ER

A
  1. parallel flattened cisternae
  2. covered with electron dense molecules (ribosomes)
  3. pore that allows proteins to enter and be stored in rER cisternae
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14
Q

EM of smooth ER

A
  1. tubular cisternae

2. no ribosomes

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15
Q

cisternae in rough vs smooth ER

A

rough- flattened

smooth- tubular

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16
Q

malfunction of rER in bone cells results in

A

abnormal procollagen so weak bone

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17
Q

underdeveloped sER in liver cells cause

A

jaundice in newborn due to failure of breakdown of bilirubin

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18
Q

golgi apparatus definition

A

membranous organelle and concerned with secretion

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19
Q

golgi apparatus stains
does not appear with..
characterized by,,
can be seen by,,

A

does not appear with H&E
characterized by deep basophillic cytoplasm
can be seen pale in negative golgi images or Ag stain, it will look brown

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20
Q

apical and perinuclear

A

apical- between nucleus and pole of cells

perinuclear- completely surrounds nucleus in nerve cells

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21
Q

EM of golgi apparatus

A

3-10 parallel flat curves membranous saccules

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22
Q

each saccule in golgi has

A

narrow lumen with expanded ends and filled with low electron dense materials
each sac has:
entry (cis) face
exit (trans) face : either secretory vesicles or lysosomes

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23
Q

functions of golgi

A
  1. packing, concentration and storage of protein
  2. chemical modification of proteins & lipids by addition of carbs
  3. formation of secretory vesicles and lysosomes
  4. discharge of secretory products such as hormones
  5. renewal and maintenance of cell membrane by providing it with integral proteins
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24
Q

anything carb is stained with

A

Ag or PAS

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25
Q

EM of cell membrane and explain

A

two dark layers separated by lucent (light) layer. fuzzy material which is cell coat (glycoalyx)

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26
Q

lysosome is used for …

and origin

A

intracytoplasmic digestion

enzymes are synthesized in rER then carried to golgi and come out as lysosomes

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27
Q

lysosomes are abundant in

A

phagocytic cells (macrophages and neutrophils)

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28
Q

stain for lysosomes

A

histochemical stains to detect acid phosphatase enzyme

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29
Q

primary vs secondary lysosomes
when is it released?
enzyme activity?
EM?

A
  • primary is newly released from GA
  • enzymes are inactive
  • homogenous (moderate electron dense) in EM

secondary - ate something (phagasome, pinocytic vesicle , or autophagic vesicle)

  • enzymes are active
  • hetergenous in EM
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30
Q

types of secondary lysosomes

A
  1. heterolysosomes
    (eats phagocytic vesicle : solid)
  2. multivescular bodies
    (eats pinocytic vesicle : fluid)
  3. autolysosomes
    (eats autophagic vesicle : old organelle)
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31
Q

residual bodies definition and fate

A

left overs: undigested

either goes exocytosis or becomes lipofusion pigment which turns brown with age

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32
Q

where are lipofuscin granules

A

in nerve cells and heart muscle

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33
Q

functions of lysosomes

A
  1. digestions
  2. maintain cell health by removing stuff
  3. portmortem autolysis
  4. fertilization (helps sperm penetrate ovum)
  5. actuvation of thyroid hormones to break bond between hormone and protein, making it inactive
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34
Q

lack of lysosomal enzymes such as sulfatases results in

A

intracellular accumulation of sulfated compounds, which interfere with normal function of nerve cells.

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35
Q

peroxisomes is in
contains
stains
function

A

liver and kidney
contains oxidases
histochemical method
helps in b oxidation & detoxification of hydroden peroxide (h2o2)

36
Q

ribosome
membranous?
formed of
abundant in

A

non membranous
formed of rRNA + protein
abundant in protein synthesis cells like PLASMA CELLS

37
Q

rRNA is formed in

proteins are formed in

A

nucleolus

cytoplasm (rER)

38
Q

types of ribosomal basophillia and examples

A

focal basophillia - patchy and have nissle bodies such as nerve cells
diffuse basophillia - completely blue such as embryonic and cancer cells
localized basophillia - party blue bc has lots of ribosomes such as pancreatic cells

39
Q

ribosome EM

A

2 subunits : large subunit contains a groove in center where polypeptide chain is
the 2 subunits unite by binding to mRNA

40
Q

types of ribosomes

A

free - scattered as polyribosomes (polysomes)
linked together by mRNA to appear as rosettes or spiral chain
attached- bind to rER at receptors (ribophorins)

41
Q

ribophorins

A

glycoprotein receptors

42
Q

free ribosomes are used for

attached ribosome are used for

A

free- to form protein used within cell

attached- form protein to be secreted

43
Q

cytoskeleton

A

microtubule + microfilament + intermediate filaments = microtrabecular lattice

44
Q

subunit

microtubule vs microfilaments vs intermediate filaments

A

microtubules - alpha & beta tubulin
microfilaments - G actin
intermediate filaments - various rod like proteins

45
Q

microtubules structure

A

cylinders with fixed diamater (24 nm) and 13 parallel protofilaments. length varies and can elongate or get shorter by MTOC

46
Q

MTOC contains

A

gamma tubulin

47
Q

microfilaments and intermediate filaments strucutre

A

micro- 2 chains of g actin coiled around eachother to form F actin
inter- filaments formed by polymerization of subunits that differ chemically

48
Q

stability in microtubules vs microfilaments vs intermediate filaments

A

microtub- stable in axoneme (no change in length)
dynamic in cytoplasm where there is assembly and disassembly to reshape
microfil- dynamic
intermediate- stable

49
Q

location of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

A

microtubules - cytoplasm from MTOC, cilia
microfilaments - beneath cell membrane, microvilli
intermediate- cytoplasm, desmosomes, nuclear envelope

50
Q

functions of microtubules

formation of?

A
  1. determine shape
  2. intracellular transport
  3. formation of mitotic spindle
  4. formation of centrioles, cilia, and flagella
51
Q 
functions of microfilaments
helps form?
interacts with (2)?
A
  1. cell shape changes
  2. intracellular transport
  3. interact with myosin for cleavage during cell division
  4. formation of microvilli
  5. interact with myosin for contraction in skeletal muscle
52
Q

functions of intermediate filaments

A

Support

  1. cytokeratin - epithelium and hair and nails
  2. vimentin - connective tissue and muscle
  3. neurofilaments - neurons
  4. glial ribrillar acidic protein - glial cells
  5. lamins- in nuclear envelope
53
Q

clinical application of microtubules

A
  1. cancer chemotherapy by preventing MT and mitotic spindle formation
  2. immotile cilia = male infertility = chronic respiratory infections
54
Q

clinical application of intermediate filaments

A

important for diagnosis and treatment of tumors

55
Q

centroiles composed of and LM stain

A

composed of organized microtubules

iron hematoxylin as two dark bodies near nucleas

56
Q

EM of centroiles
formed of what structure…
how does it look?
number of?

A

2 cylindrical structures, perpendicular and surronded by matrix of tublin (centrosome)
formed of 9 bundes
each bundle is 3 MTS
9x3= 27 Micotuboles

57
Q

A, B, C rings in microtubules

A

A- 13 protofilament
B- 10 proto
C- 10

58
Q

functions of centroile

A
  1. function of mitotic spindle (during S phase of mitosis)

2. cilia

59
Q

cilia def, origin, and LM

A

motile and have microtubular core covered by cell membrane
origin from duplicated centroile and shaft grows up from each cilium.
LM: hair like

60
Q

EM of cilia

A

basal body, shaft, rootlets

61
Q

describe basal body, shaft, rootlets

A

basal body - single centroile formed of 27 MT (9 triplets)
location: cytoplasm

shaft (axoneme)
finger like and covered by cell membrane
each triplet, A & B grow as doublets. So shaft = 9 doubles + 2 in the middle = 20 microtuboles

rootlet
growth of C into cytoplasm and stabilize basal body and shaft

62
Q

microtubule A of each doublet is connected to

A 
microtubule B of next doublet by nexin
central microtubules by radial spoke
dynein arms (motor protein)
63
Q

functions of cilia

A

motion produced by axonemal dynein so moves particles in one direction such as respiratory and female genetical systems

cilia can modify and act as receptors as in rods and cones of retina

64
Q

flagella

A

motile
same structure axoneme (shaft) cilia but longer
forms tail of sperm

65
Q

another word for shaft

A

axoneme

66
Q

inability of cilia to move=

inability of flagella to move=

A

chronic respiratory infection

male infertility

67
Q

proteasomes definition
shape
broken down by

A

barrel shaped, degraded damages protein by proteolysis with ATP

68
Q

structure of proteasome

A

barrel shape core particle made of 4 protein rings stacked on each other
at each end, there is regulatory particle that contains ATPase and recognizes protein attached to ubiquiton molecules

69
Q

defective proteasomes

A

lead to accumulation of damages protein so alzheimers diseases

70
Q

inclusions and sites

A
  1. carb - stored as glycogen granules in liver and muscle cells
  2. fat - fat cells or liver cells
  3. pigments
71
Q

LM of carbs and fats (stains)

A

carb - H&E -> ruins it
Bests Carmine –> red
PAS –> Magenta Red

Fat - H&E-> ruins it
Sudan 3 -> appears orange

72
Q

types of carbs and pigments

A

carbs - single (alpha) granules or rosette shaped (beta) granules
pigments- endogenous and exogenous

73
Q

endogenous and exogenous pigments types

A
  1. endogenous (from inside)
    a. hemoglobin (hb) - in RBCs and carries gasses
    b melanin - in skin to give color and protection
    c. lipofuscin - waste products
  2. exogenous (from outside)
    a. carbon and dust
    b. carotene
    c. tattoo
74
Q

nucleus are not the largest component of the cell in

A

RBCs and platelets

75
Q

number, position, and shape of nucleas

A

1- mononucleated
2- binucleated
3- multinucleated

position: central (middle) , basal (bottom), eccentric (top),
peripheral (on membrane)

shape- flat, rounded, oval, bilobed (like music speaker), segmented (opp of bilobed), lobulated, kidney

76
Q

staining of nucleus and appearance

A

appears basophillic in H&E because DNA and RNA

may be: pale in active cells
dark in inactive cells

77
Q

nuclear membrane LM and EM

A

LM: basophillic b/c chromatin on inner side and ribosomes on outer side
EM: double walled membrane seperated by perinuclear space and has nuclear potes

78
Q

outer nuclear membrane vs inner nuclear membrane

A

outer - rough due to ribosome and has cisternae

inner - fibers due to chromatin and has nuclear lamina formed from lamins for stabilization

79
Q

nuclear pore complexes and function

A 
circular openings where inner and outter membrane fuse and form a octaganol ring. 
function is to transport proteins and export RNA to cytoplasm
80
Q

sites of heterochromatin

A

peripheral - attached to inner surface of nuclear membrane
islands - scattered
nucleus associated - around nucleus

81
Q

nucleolus LM and EM

A

deep basophillic surrounded with chromatin
one or two in each nucleus
EM: spongy, nor limited, has dark and light layers

82
Q

dark and light layers in nucleolus

A 
dark formed of: 
pars amorpha (nucleolar organizer) - filaments of DNA
pars fibrosa - newly formed rRNA
pars granulosa - mature rRNA
light layer: nuclear sap (fluid)
83
Q

pars fibrose + pars granulosa =

A

nucleolonema

84
Q

functions of nucleolus

A

formation of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal subunits

85
Q

large nucleoli are found in

A

rapidly growing malignant cells

86
Q

nuclear sap constituents and functions

A 
formed of 
nucleoproteins
enzymes
sugars
calcium
potassium
phosphorus
function: medium for transport of RNA
87
Q

functions of nucleus

A
  1. carries genetic info
  2. controls cells functions
  3. responsible for formation of RNA
  4. directs cell division

Histology (5 decks)

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