Cytology Flashcards
Size of cell
from 4 um to 150 um
do non membranes organelles contain enzymes
no
size of plasma membrane and stain
7.5-10 nm - Ag or PAS stain
mitochondria contains transmembrane proteins called
porins
describe the outer and inner mitochondrial layers
outer- permeable contains porins inner- less permeable, selective has cristae have cylinder stalks
mitochondria matrix composed of:
enzymes of TCA cycle
circular DNA, all types of RNA
granules of Ca+
functions of mitochondria
cellular respiration
liberate energy for heat or cycles
no mitochondria =
no ATP = no activities
endoplasmic reticulum definition
membranous that has channels and sacs called cisternae
rough ER vs smooth ER
site
LM
rough- protein forming such as plasma, pancreatic, blast cells
basophillia
smooth- lipid forming such as liver and glands
acidophillia
rough ER function
- protein synthesis by ribosomes
- segregation of proteins
- initial glycosylation of protein by addition of monosaccharides
- packing of proteins in transfer vesicles
- protection of cytoplasm from hydrolytic enzymes formed in cisternae
- intracellular pathway for substances (tubes)
smooth ER function
- phospholipid molecules synthesizes that make cell membrane
- steroid hormone synthesis (cortisone & testosterone)
- breakdown of glycogen to glucose in liver cells
- detoxicifation of drugs
- stores Ca++
- acts as intracellular pathway
EM of rough ER
- parallel flattened cisternae
- covered with electron dense molecules (ribosomes)
- pore that allows proteins to enter and be stored in rER cisternae
EM of smooth ER
- tubular cisternae
2. no ribosomes
cisternae in rough vs smooth ER
rough- flattened
smooth- tubular
malfunction of rER in bone cells results in
abnormal procollagen so weak bone
underdeveloped sER in liver cells cause
jaundice in newborn due to failure of breakdown of bilirubin
golgi apparatus definition
membranous organelle and concerned with secretion
golgi apparatus stains
does not appear with..
characterized by,,
can be seen by,,
does not appear with H&E
characterized by deep basophillic cytoplasm
can be seen pale in negative golgi images or Ag stain, it will look brown
apical and perinuclear
apical- between nucleus and pole of cells
perinuclear- completely surrounds nucleus in nerve cells
EM of golgi apparatus
3-10 parallel flat curves membranous saccules
each saccule in golgi has
narrow lumen with expanded ends and filled with low electron dense materials
each sac has:
entry (cis) face
exit (trans) face : either secretory vesicles or lysosomes
functions of golgi
- packing, concentration and storage of protein
- chemical modification of proteins & lipids by addition of carbs
- formation of secretory vesicles and lysosomes
- discharge of secretory products such as hormones
- renewal and maintenance of cell membrane by providing it with integral proteins
anything carb is stained with
Ag or PAS
EM of cell membrane and explain
two dark layers separated by lucent (light) layer. fuzzy material which is cell coat (glycoalyx)
lysosome is used for …
and origin
intracytoplasmic digestion
enzymes are synthesized in rER then carried to golgi and come out as lysosomes
lysosomes are abundant in
phagocytic cells (macrophages and neutrophils)
stain for lysosomes
histochemical stains to detect acid phosphatase enzyme
primary vs secondary lysosomes
when is it released?
enzyme activity?
EM?
- primary is newly released from GA
- enzymes are inactive
- homogenous (moderate electron dense) in EM
secondary - ate something (phagasome, pinocytic vesicle , or autophagic vesicle)
- enzymes are active
- hetergenous in EM
types of secondary lysosomes
- heterolysosomes
(eats phagocytic vesicle : solid) - multivescular bodies
(eats pinocytic vesicle : fluid) - autolysosomes
(eats autophagic vesicle : old organelle)
residual bodies definition and fate
left overs: undigested
either goes exocytosis or becomes lipofusion pigment which turns brown with age
where are lipofuscin granules
in nerve cells and heart muscle
functions of lysosomes
- digestions
- maintain cell health by removing stuff
- portmortem autolysis
- fertilization (helps sperm penetrate ovum)
- actuvation of thyroid hormones to break bond between hormone and protein, making it inactive
lack of lysosomal enzymes such as sulfatases results in
intracellular accumulation of sulfated compounds, which interfere with normal function of nerve cells.
peroxisomes is in
contains
stains
function
liver and kidney
contains oxidases
histochemical method
helps in b oxidation & detoxification of hydroden peroxide (h2o2)
ribosome
membranous?
formed of
abundant in
non membranous
formed of rRNA + protein
abundant in protein synthesis cells like PLASMA CELLS
rRNA is formed in
proteins are formed in
nucleolus
cytoplasm (rER)
types of ribosomal basophillia and examples
focal basophillia - patchy and have nissle bodies such as nerve cells
diffuse basophillia - completely blue such as embryonic and cancer cells
localized basophillia - party blue bc has lots of ribosomes such as pancreatic cells
ribosome EM
2 subunits : large subunit contains a groove in center where polypeptide chain is
the 2 subunits unite by binding to mRNA
types of ribosomes
free - scattered as polyribosomes (polysomes)
linked together by mRNA to appear as rosettes or spiral chain
attached- bind to rER at receptors (ribophorins)
ribophorins
glycoprotein receptors
free ribosomes are used for
attached ribosome are used for
free- to form protein used within cell
attached- form protein to be secreted
cytoskeleton
microtubule + microfilament + intermediate filaments = microtrabecular lattice
subunit
microtubule vs microfilaments vs intermediate filaments
microtubules - alpha & beta tubulin
microfilaments - G actin
intermediate filaments - various rod like proteins
microtubules structure
cylinders with fixed diamater (24 nm) and 13 parallel protofilaments. length varies and can elongate or get shorter by MTOC
MTOC contains
gamma tubulin
microfilaments and intermediate filaments strucutre
micro- 2 chains of g actin coiled around eachother to form F actin
inter- filaments formed by polymerization of subunits that differ chemically
stability in microtubules vs microfilaments vs intermediate filaments
microtub- stable in axoneme (no change in length)
dynamic in cytoplasm where there is assembly and disassembly to reshape
microfil- dynamic
intermediate- stable
location of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
microtubules - cytoplasm from MTOC, cilia
microfilaments - beneath cell membrane, microvilli
intermediate- cytoplasm, desmosomes, nuclear envelope
functions of microtubules
formation of?
- determine shape
- intracellular transport
- formation of mitotic spindle
- formation of centrioles, cilia, and flagella
functions of microfilaments helps form? interacts with (2)?
- cell shape changes
- intracellular transport
- interact with myosin for cleavage during cell division
- formation of microvilli
- interact with myosin for contraction in skeletal muscle
functions of intermediate filaments
Support
- cytokeratin - epithelium and hair and nails
- vimentin - connective tissue and muscle
- neurofilaments - neurons
- glial ribrillar acidic protein - glial cells
- lamins- in nuclear envelope
clinical application of microtubules
- cancer chemotherapy by preventing MT and mitotic spindle formation
- immotile cilia = male infertility = chronic respiratory infections
clinical application of intermediate filaments
important for diagnosis and treatment of tumors
centroiles composed of and LM stain
composed of organized microtubules
iron hematoxylin as two dark bodies near nucleas
EM of centroiles
formed of what structure…
how does it look?
number of?
2 cylindrical structures, perpendicular and surronded by matrix of tublin (centrosome)
formed of 9 bundes
each bundle is 3 MTS
9x3= 27 Micotuboles
A, B, C rings in microtubules
A- 13 protofilament
B- 10 proto
C- 10
functions of centroile
- function of mitotic spindle (during S phase of mitosis)
2. cilia
cilia def, origin, and LM
motile and have microtubular core covered by cell membrane
origin from duplicated centroile and shaft grows up from each cilium.
LM: hair like
EM of cilia
basal body, shaft, rootlets
describe basal body, shaft, rootlets
basal body - single centroile formed of 27 MT (9 triplets)
location: cytoplasm
shaft (axoneme)
finger like and covered by cell membrane
each triplet, A & B grow as doublets. So shaft = 9 doubles + 2 in the middle = 20 microtuboles
rootlet
growth of C into cytoplasm and stabilize basal body and shaft
microtubule A of each doublet is connected to
microtubule B of next doublet by nexin central microtubules by radial spoke dynein arms (motor protein)
functions of cilia
motion produced by axonemal dynein so moves particles in one direction such as respiratory and female genetical systems
cilia can modify and act as receptors as in rods and cones of retina
flagella
motile
same structure axoneme (shaft) cilia but longer
forms tail of sperm
another word for shaft
axoneme
inability of cilia to move=
inability of flagella to move=
chronic respiratory infection
male infertility
proteasomes definition
shape
broken down by
barrel shaped, degraded damages protein by proteolysis with ATP
structure of proteasome
barrel shape core particle made of 4 protein rings stacked on each other
at each end, there is regulatory particle that contains ATPase and recognizes protein attached to ubiquiton molecules
defective proteasomes
lead to accumulation of damages protein so alzheimers diseases
inclusions and sites
- carb - stored as glycogen granules in liver and muscle cells
- fat - fat cells or liver cells
- pigments
LM of carbs and fats (stains)
carb - H&E -> ruins it
Bests Carmine –> red
PAS –> Magenta Red
Fat - H&E-> ruins it
Sudan 3 -> appears orange
types of carbs and pigments
carbs - single (alpha) granules or rosette shaped (beta) granules
pigments- endogenous and exogenous
endogenous and exogenous pigments types
- endogenous (from inside)
a. hemoglobin (hb) - in RBCs and carries gasses
b melanin - in skin to give color and protection
c. lipofuscin - waste products - exogenous (from outside)
a. carbon and dust
b. carotene
c. tattoo
nucleus are not the largest component of the cell in
RBCs and platelets
number, position, and shape of nucleas
1- mononucleated
2- binucleated
3- multinucleated
position: central (middle) , basal (bottom), eccentric (top),
peripheral (on membrane)
shape- flat, rounded, oval, bilobed (like music speaker), segmented (opp of bilobed), lobulated, kidney
staining of nucleus and appearance
appears basophillic in H&E because DNA and RNA
may be: pale in active cells
dark in inactive cells
nuclear membrane LM and EM
LM: basophillic b/c chromatin on inner side and ribosomes on outer side
EM: double walled membrane seperated by perinuclear space and has nuclear potes
outer nuclear membrane vs inner nuclear membrane
outer - rough due to ribosome and has cisternae
inner - fibers due to chromatin and has nuclear lamina formed from lamins for stabilization
nuclear pore complexes and function
circular openings where inner and outter membrane fuse and form a octaganol ring. function is to transport proteins and export RNA to cytoplasm
sites of heterochromatin
peripheral - attached to inner surface of nuclear membrane
islands - scattered
nucleus associated - around nucleus
nucleolus LM and EM
deep basophillic surrounded with chromatin
one or two in each nucleus
EM: spongy, nor limited, has dark and light layers
dark and light layers in nucleolus
dark formed of: pars amorpha (nucleolar organizer) - filaments of DNA pars fibrosa - newly formed rRNA pars granulosa - mature rRNA light layer: nuclear sap (fluid)
pars fibrose + pars granulosa =
nucleolonema
functions of nucleolus
formation of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal subunits
large nucleoli are found in
rapidly growing malignant cells
nuclear sap constituents and functions
formed of nucleoproteins enzymes sugars calcium potassium phosphorus function: medium for transport of RNA
functions of nucleus
- carries genetic info
- controls cells functions
- responsible for formation of RNA
- directs cell division
