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cytokines and other things cells release Flashcards

1
Q

IL-1 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions: major anti-inflammatory cytokine with TNF

  1. activates endothelial cell retraction
  2. activate endothelial cells to produce enzymes of matrix remodeling, induce adhesion molec
  3. systemic acute phase response to inflammation

Source: macrophages, adipocytes
Cells it affects: endothelium,

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2
Q

IL-2 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
1. Lymphocyte growth and differentiation
Source:
Cells it affects:

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3
Q

IL-3 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
1. stimulates hematopoiesis
Source:
Cells it affects:

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4
Q

IL-4 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A 
Functions:
1. lymphocyte growth and differentiation
2. fibrogenic cytokine
3. modulates inflammatory response [TH2]
Source:

Cells it affects: B and T cells

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5
Q

IL-5 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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6
Q

IL-6 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
1. involved in cachexia [may be secreted by tumor or in response to tumor]

Source: adipocytes
Cells it affects:

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7
Q

IL-8 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A 
Functions:
1. chemotactic agent for neutrophils
2. stimulates histamine release from mast cells
Source:
Cells it affects:
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8
Q

IL-10 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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9
Q

IL12 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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10
Q

IL-13 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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11
Q

Il-15 and 18 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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12
Q

IFN-gamma [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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13
Q

TGF-Beta [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
1. negative regulation of inflammatory response
2. part of early wound healing: stimulates proliferation/migration/matrix production [fibrogenic]
3. chemoattractant for inflammatory cells
Source: lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets

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14
Q

TNF-alpha [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions: Major anti-inflammatory cytokine

  1. Overproduction leads to cachexia [secreted by tumor or in response to tumor]
  2. activates endothelial cell retraction
  3. activate endothelial cells to produce enzymes of matrix remodeling, induce adhesion molec
  4. systemic acute phase response to inflammation

Source: macrophages [other functions], adipocytes [cachexia]
Cells it affects:

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15
Q

GM-CSF [Function, source, cells it Affects]

A

Functions:
1. stimulates hematopoiesis
Source:
Cells it affects:

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16
Q

MIP-1 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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17
Q

MCP-1 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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18
Q

Leptin [Function, source]

A

Functions: decreases appetite [anorexigenic], increases energy expenditure
Source: adipocytes

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19
Q

Adiponectin [Function, source]

A

Functions:

  1. directs fat to muscle and away from liver
  2. decreases glucose production in liver

Source: adipocytes
Cells it affects:

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20
Q

Effect of leptin deficiency or disruption in leptin signaling pathway

A

Get overeating and weight gain

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21
Q

Ghrelin [Function, source]

A

Functions: increase food intake [orexigenic]
Source: stomach

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22
Q

Peptide YY [PYY] [Function, source]

A

Functions: decrease appetite [anorexigenic]
Source: endocrine cells of ileum/colon

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23
Q

Proteolysis Inducting Factor [PIF] [function, marker in what patients]

A
  1. involved in cachexia

secreted in urine of patients with pancreatic cancer and cachexia

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24
Q

Lipid-mobilizing factor [LMF] [function]

A
  1. Involved in cachexia
  2. increases fatty acid oxidation
  3. increases pro-inflammatory cytokines
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25
C reactive protein - what disease is it high in?
obesity
26
Vitamin A [water vs fat soluble, source, functions]
- fat soluble - source: beta carotene in yellow + green leafy veggies, vit A in animal products [liver] - functions: vision, cellular differentiation
27
3 Effects of Vitamin A deficiency
1. blindness 2. immune deficiency 3. squamouse metaplasia - - lacrimal glands - - respiratory tract - - urinary tract
28
Vitamin C [water vs fat soluble, source, functions]
- water soluble - source: citrus fruit, veggies, milk, fish - functions: collagen synthesis, antioxidant
29
Disease of Vitamin C deficiency?
- scurvy
30
Vitamin D[water vs fat soluble, source, functions]
- fat soluble - source: photoconversion in skin, diet - function: calcium regulation
31
3 Diseases of Vitamin D Deficiency?
- rickets [in kids] - osteomalacia [in adults] - hypocalcemic tetany
32
Prostaglandin E2 [function]
function: 1. hyperalgesic [makes skin hypersensitive to pain] 2. vasodilation
33
Major Basic Protein [MBP] [what process is it involved in in neutrophil]
- involved in oxygen independent bactericidal mechanism of neutrophils
34
Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 [function]
Function 1. increase vascular permeability 2. vasoconstriction
35
Leukotriene B4 [function, source]
Function 1. powerful chemotactic agent for neutrophils Source: leukocytes [
36
What is effect of Protein C or S deficiency?
hypercoagulation
37
What is factor V leiden? What is effect?
- alternate form of factor V - can't be inactivated by protein C - hypercoagulation
38
PGDF [platelet derived growth factor] [function, source]
Function: part of early wound healing 1. miotogenic -- formation fibroblasts, smooth muscle, connective tissue [matrix] Source: platelets, endothelial cells
39
Fibronectin [function]
Functions: in early wound healing: 1. helps fibroblasts bind fibrin to form fibrin clot 2. Promotes phagocytosis
40
Metalloproteinase [Function]
Function | 1. aids in remodelling cellular matrix
41
What is effect of antithrombin III deficiency?
hypercoagulation
42
Hemosiderin [what is it, where, disease]
- in liver - accumulates in large amount in hereditary hemochromatosis - may cause irreversible injury
43
What disease associated wtih intranuclear protein lamin A?
Hutchinson-gilford progeria
44
What is superoxide dismutase [SOD]? Effect of knockout anti-SOD age-1 gene?
- decreases ROS | - knockout will have increased lifespan
45
MTOR pathway and aging/caloric restriction [function of pathway]
- regulates cell growth, facilitates replicative senescence - inhibited by caloric restriction - inhibition may increase life span
46
AGE protein [function, relation to aging diseases]
- increases ROS, upregulates inflammation | - related to arthritis, atherosclerosis
47
sirtruin [what is it? what activates it?]
- sirtruin = anti-aging protein | - reserveratrol in red wine activates it
48
Histamine [Function, Source]
Functions: preformed mediator 1. one of first mediators of inflammatory response 2. vasodilation 3. increased vascular permeability 4. activates endothelial cell contraction Source: mostly mast cells [+ basophils + platelets]
49
PECAM [what does it stand for? Involved in what?]
- platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule | - involved in migration of neutrophils
50
C5a [Function]
Functions: 1. chemotactic for neutrophils [ + other leukocytes] 2. stimulates mast cells to release histamine 3. increases vascular permeability Cells it affects:
51
C3a [Function]
Functions: 1. stimulates mast cells to release histamine 2. increases vascular permeability
52
MPO [myeloperoxidase] [function in neutrophil]
- in oxygen dependent bactericidal mech of neutrophils | - creates HOCL- that kills bacteria
53
Thromboxane A2 [Function, source]
Function 1. vasoconstriction 2. promotes platelet aggregation Source: platelets
54
Platelet Activating Factor [mediated by what antibody, functions, source]
``` Function: IgE mediated! 1. platelet aggregation 2. broncoconstriction 3. vasodilation 4. increased vascular permeability 5. leukocyte adhesion 6. chemotaxis Source: from mast cells [+ macrophages + other leukocytes + epithelial cells] ```
55
Nitric Oxide
Function 1. inhibits platelet aggregation Source: epithelial cells
56
Prostaglandin I2 [AKA prostacyclin]
Function 1. vasodilation 2. inhibits platelet aggregation Source: epithelial cells
57
Lipoxin [Function]
1. negative regulator leukotrienes - - inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis - - causes vasodilation
58
What does aspirin inhibit?
Cyxlooxygenases - prostaglandins - thromboxanes
59
Fibrinopeptides [source, function]
Source: formed in reaction of fibrinogen --> fibrin Function 1. induce vascular permeability 2. chemotactic for leukocytes
60
Thrombin [source of activation, function]
Source: activated from prothrombin by factor X Function: 1. increases leukocyte adhesion to endothelium
61
Kallikrein [what system, function of enzyme, product]
- enzyme that is part of kinin system Function - forms bradykinin from plasma kininogens - activates hageman factor [autocatalytic amplification loop]
62
Bradykinin [what system, function]
``` - protein of kinin system Function 1. vasodilation 2. increased vascular permeability 3. pain ```
63
C5b-9 [source, function]
``` - part of complement system Function: form membrane attack complex 1. lyse cells 2. stimulate arachidonic acid metabolism 3. produce ROS by leukocytes ```
64
C3b and C3bi [function]
1. opsonin [aid phagocytosis]
65
Hageman factor [other name, chemotactic function]
clotting factor XII | - causes neutrophil aggregation
66
FGF [Full name, function, source]
``` Fibroblast growth factor Function: mitogenic 1. stimulates fibroblast proliferation 2. stimulates new vessel growth Source: macrophages, fibroblasts ```
67
VEGF [Full name, Function]
Vascular endothelial growth factor 1. promotes growth of blood vessels 2. involved in sustained growth/angiogenesis transformation stage of cancer
68
EGF [Function, source]
Function 1. promotes epidermal migration and proliferation Source: keratinocytes, macrophages
69
What does TF do specifically in coagulation cascade?
- binds and activates factor VII
70
What does VII do in coagulation cascade? How is it activated?
- activated by TF - VII-TF complex activates factor X - VII-TF complex activates factor IX to amplify thrombin generation
71
What does factor X do in coagulation cascade? How is it activated?
- activated by VII-TF complex - converts thrombin --> prothrombin and fibrinogen --> fibrin
72
Antithrombin III [Function]
1. binds heparin like molecule on epithelial cell surface - inactivates thrombin - inactivates factors X/IX

Pathology (15 decks)

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