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Pathology > cytokines and other things cells release > Flashcards

cytokines and other things cells release Flashcards

1
Q

IL-1 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions: major anti-inflammatory cytokine with TNF

  1. activates endothelial cell retraction
  2. activate endothelial cells to produce enzymes of matrix remodeling, induce adhesion molec
  3. systemic acute phase response to inflammation

Source: macrophages, adipocytes
Cells it affects: endothelium,

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2
Q

IL-2 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
1. Lymphocyte growth and differentiation
Source:
Cells it affects:

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3
Q

IL-3 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
1. stimulates hematopoiesis
Source:
Cells it affects:

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4
Q

IL-4 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A 
Functions:
1. lymphocyte growth and differentiation
2. fibrogenic cytokine
3. modulates inflammatory response [TH2]
Source:

Cells it affects: B and T cells

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5
Q

IL-5 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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6
Q

IL-6 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
1. involved in cachexia [may be secreted by tumor or in response to tumor]

Source: adipocytes
Cells it affects:

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7
Q

IL-8 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A 
Functions:
1. chemotactic agent for neutrophils
2. stimulates histamine release from mast cells
Source:
Cells it affects:
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8
Q

IL-10 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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9
Q

IL12 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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10
Q

IL-13 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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11
Q

Il-15 and 18 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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12
Q

IFN-gamma [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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13
Q

TGF-Beta [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
1. negative regulation of inflammatory response
2. part of early wound healing: stimulates proliferation/migration/matrix production [fibrogenic]
3. chemoattractant for inflammatory cells
Source: lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets

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14
Q

TNF-alpha [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions: Major anti-inflammatory cytokine

  1. Overproduction leads to cachexia [secreted by tumor or in response to tumor]
  2. activates endothelial cell retraction
  3. activate endothelial cells to produce enzymes of matrix remodeling, induce adhesion molec
  4. systemic acute phase response to inflammation

Source: macrophages [other functions], adipocytes [cachexia]
Cells it affects:

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15
Q

GM-CSF [Function, source, cells it Affects]

A

Functions:
1. stimulates hematopoiesis
Source:
Cells it affects:

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16
Q

MIP-1 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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17
Q

MCP-1 [Function, source, cells it affects]

A

Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:

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18
Q

Leptin [Function, source]

A

Functions: decreases appetite [anorexigenic], increases energy expenditure
Source: adipocytes

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19
Q

Adiponectin [Function, source]

A

Functions:

  1. directs fat to muscle and away from liver
  2. decreases glucose production in liver

Source: adipocytes
Cells it affects:

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20
Q

Effect of leptin deficiency or disruption in leptin signaling pathway

A

Get overeating and weight gain

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21
Q

Ghrelin [Function, source]

A

Functions: increase food intake [orexigenic]
Source: stomach

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22
Q

Peptide YY [PYY] [Function, source]

A

Functions: decrease appetite [anorexigenic]
Source: endocrine cells of ileum/colon

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23
Q

Proteolysis Inducting Factor [PIF] [function, marker in what patients]

A
  1. involved in cachexia

secreted in urine of patients with pancreatic cancer and cachexia

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24
Q

Lipid-mobilizing factor [LMF] [function]

A
  1. Involved in cachexia
  2. increases fatty acid oxidation
  3. increases pro-inflammatory cytokines
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25
Q

C reactive protein - what disease is it high in?

A

obesity

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26
Q

Vitamin A [water vs fat soluble, source, functions]

A
  • fat soluble
  • source: beta carotene in yellow + green leafy veggies, vit A in animal products [liver]
  • functions: vision, cellular differentiation
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27
Q

3 Effects of Vitamin A deficiency

A
  1. blindness
  2. immune deficiency
  3. squamouse metaplasia
    - - lacrimal glands
    - - respiratory tract
    - - urinary tract
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28
Q

Vitamin C [water vs fat soluble, source, functions]

A
  • water soluble
  • source: citrus fruit, veggies, milk, fish
  • functions: collagen synthesis, antioxidant
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29
Q

Disease of Vitamin C deficiency?

A
  • scurvy
30
Q

Vitamin D[water vs fat soluble, source, functions]

A
  • fat soluble
  • source: photoconversion in skin, diet
  • function: calcium regulation
31
Q

3 Diseases of Vitamin D Deficiency?

A
  • rickets [in kids]
  • osteomalacia [in adults]
  • hypocalcemic tetany
32
Q

Prostaglandin E2 [function]

A

function:

  1. hyperalgesic [makes skin hypersensitive to pain]
  2. vasodilation
33
Q

Major Basic Protein [MBP] [what process is it involved in in neutrophil]

A
  • involved in oxygen independent bactericidal mechanism of neutrophils
34
Q

Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 [function]

A

Function

  1. increase vascular permeability
  2. vasoconstriction
35
Q

Leukotriene B4 [function, source]

A

Function
1. powerful chemotactic agent for neutrophils
Source: leukocytes [

36
Q

What is effect of Protein C or S deficiency?

A

hypercoagulation

37
Q

What is factor V leiden? What is effect?

A
  • alternate form of factor V
  • can’t be inactivated by protein C
  • hypercoagulation
38
Q

PGDF [platelet derived growth factor] [function, source]

A

Function: part of early wound healing
1. miotogenic
– formation fibroblasts, smooth muscle, connective tissue [matrix]
Source: platelets, endothelial cells

39
Q

Fibronectin [function]

A

Functions: in early wound healing:

  1. helps fibroblasts bind fibrin to form fibrin clot
  2. Promotes phagocytosis
40
Q

Metalloproteinase [Function]

A

Function

1. aids in remodelling cellular matrix

41
Q

What is effect of antithrombin III deficiency?

A

hypercoagulation

42
Q

Hemosiderin [what is it, where, disease]

A
  • in liver
  • accumulates in large amount in hereditary hemochromatosis
  • may cause irreversible injury
43
Q

What disease associated wtih intranuclear protein lamin A?

A

Hutchinson-gilford progeria

44
Q

What is superoxide dismutase [SOD]? Effect of knockout anti-SOD age-1 gene?

A
  • decreases ROS

- knockout will have increased lifespan

45
Q

MTOR pathway and aging/caloric restriction [function of pathway]

A
  • regulates cell growth, facilitates replicative senescence
  • inhibited by caloric restriction
  • inhibition may increase life span
46
Q

AGE protein [function, relation to aging diseases]

A
  • increases ROS, upregulates inflammation

- related to arthritis, atherosclerosis

47
Q

sirtruin [what is it? what activates it?]

A
  • sirtruin = anti-aging protein

- reserveratrol in red wine activates it

48
Q

Histamine [Function, Source]

A

Functions: preformed mediator

  1. one of first mediators of inflammatory response
  2. vasodilation
  3. increased vascular permeability
  4. activates endothelial cell contraction

Source: mostly mast cells [+ basophils + platelets]

49
Q

PECAM [what does it stand for? Involved in what?]

A
  • platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule

- involved in migration of neutrophils

50
Q

C5a [Function]

A

Functions:
1. chemotactic for neutrophils [ + other leukocytes]
2. stimulates mast cells to release histamine
3. increases vascular permeability
Cells it affects:

51
Q

C3a [Function]

A

Functions:

  1. stimulates mast cells to release histamine
  2. increases vascular permeability
52
Q

MPO [myeloperoxidase] [function in neutrophil]

A
  • in oxygen dependent bactericidal mech of neutrophils

- creates HOCL- that kills bacteria

53
Q

Thromboxane A2 [Function, source]

A

Function
1. vasoconstriction
2. promotes platelet aggregation
Source: platelets

54
Q

Platelet Activating Factor [mediated by what antibody, functions, source]

A 
Function: IgE mediated!
1. platelet aggregation
2. broncoconstriction
3. vasodilation
4. increased vascular permeability
5. leukocyte adhesion
6. chemotaxis
Source: from mast cells [+ macrophages + other leukocytes + epithelial cells]
55
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

Function
1. inhibits platelet aggregation
Source: epithelial cells

56
Q

Prostaglandin I2 [AKA prostacyclin]

A

Function
1. vasodilation
2. inhibits platelet aggregation
Source: epithelial cells

57
Q

Lipoxin [Function]

A
  1. negative regulator leukotrienes
    - - inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis
    - - causes vasodilation
58
Q

What does aspirin inhibit?

A

Cyxlooxygenases

  • prostaglandins
  • thromboxanes
59
Q

Fibrinopeptides [source, function]

A

Source: formed in reaction of fibrinogen –> fibrin
Function
1. induce vascular permeability
2. chemotactic for leukocytes

60
Q

Thrombin [source of activation, function]

A

Source: activated from prothrombin by factor X
Function:
1. increases leukocyte adhesion to endothelium

61
Q

Kallikrein [what system, function of enzyme, product]

A
  • enzyme that is part of kinin system
    Function
  • forms bradykinin from plasma kininogens
  • activates hageman factor [autocatalytic amplification loop]
62
Q

Bradykinin [what system, function]

A 
- protein of kinin system
Function
1. vasodilation
2. increased vascular permeability
3. pain
63
Q

C5b-9 [source, function]

A 
- part of complement system
Function: form membrane attack complex
1. lyse cells
2. stimulate arachidonic acid metabolism
3. produce ROS by leukocytes
64
Q

C3b and C3bi [function]

A
  1. opsonin [aid phagocytosis]
65
Q

Hageman factor [other name, chemotactic function]

A

clotting factor XII

- causes neutrophil aggregation

66
Q

FGF [Full name, function, source]

A 
Fibroblast growth factor
Function: mitogenic
1. stimulates fibroblast proliferation
2. stimulates new vessel growth
Source: macrophages, fibroblasts
67
Q

VEGF [Full name, Function]

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

  1. promotes growth of blood vessels
  2. involved in sustained growth/angiogenesis transformation stage of cancer
68
Q

EGF [Function, source]

A

Function
1. promotes epidermal migration and proliferation
Source: keratinocytes, macrophages

69
Q

What does TF do specifically in coagulation cascade?

A
  • binds and activates factor VII
70
Q

What does VII do in coagulation cascade? How is it activated?

A
  • activated by TF
  • VII-TF complex activates factor X
  • VII-TF complex activates factor IX to amplify thrombin generation
71
Q

What does factor X do in coagulation cascade? How is it activated?

A
  • activated by VII-TF complex
  • converts thrombin –> prothrombin and
    fibrinogen –> fibrin
72
Q

Antithrombin III [Function]

A
  1. binds heparin like molecule on epithelial cell surface
    - inactivates thrombin
    - inactivates factors X/IX

Pathology (15 decks)

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