cytokines and other things cells release Flashcards
IL-1 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions: major anti-inflammatory cytokine with TNF
- activates endothelial cell retraction
- activate endothelial cells to produce enzymes of matrix remodeling, induce adhesion molec
- systemic acute phase response to inflammation
Source: macrophages, adipocytes
Cells it affects: endothelium,
IL-2 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
1. Lymphocyte growth and differentiation
Source:
Cells it affects:
IL-3 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
1. stimulates hematopoiesis
Source:
Cells it affects:
IL-4 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions: 1. lymphocyte growth and differentiation 2. fibrogenic cytokine 3. modulates inflammatory response [TH2] Source:
Cells it affects: B and T cells
IL-5 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
IL-6 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
1. involved in cachexia [may be secreted by tumor or in response to tumor]
Source: adipocytes
Cells it affects:
IL-8 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions: 1. chemotactic agent for neutrophils 2. stimulates histamine release from mast cells Source: Cells it affects:
IL-10 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
IL12 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
IL-13 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
Il-15 and 18 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
IFN-gamma [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
TGF-Beta [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
1. negative regulation of inflammatory response
2. part of early wound healing: stimulates proliferation/migration/matrix production [fibrogenic]
3. chemoattractant for inflammatory cells
Source: lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets
TNF-alpha [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions: Major anti-inflammatory cytokine
- Overproduction leads to cachexia [secreted by tumor or in response to tumor]
- activates endothelial cell retraction
- activate endothelial cells to produce enzymes of matrix remodeling, induce adhesion molec
- systemic acute phase response to inflammation
Source: macrophages [other functions], adipocytes [cachexia]
Cells it affects:
GM-CSF [Function, source, cells it Affects]
Functions:
1. stimulates hematopoiesis
Source:
Cells it affects:
MIP-1 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
MCP-1 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
Leptin [Function, source]
Functions: decreases appetite [anorexigenic], increases energy expenditure
Source: adipocytes
Adiponectin [Function, source]
Functions:
- directs fat to muscle and away from liver
- decreases glucose production in liver
Source: adipocytes
Cells it affects:
Effect of leptin deficiency or disruption in leptin signaling pathway
Get overeating and weight gain
Ghrelin [Function, source]
Functions: increase food intake [orexigenic]
Source: stomach
Peptide YY [PYY] [Function, source]
Functions: decrease appetite [anorexigenic]
Source: endocrine cells of ileum/colon
Proteolysis Inducting Factor [PIF] [function, marker in what patients]
- involved in cachexia
secreted in urine of patients with pancreatic cancer and cachexia
Lipid-mobilizing factor [LMF] [function]
- Involved in cachexia
- increases fatty acid oxidation
- increases pro-inflammatory cytokines
C reactive protein - what disease is it high in?
obesity
Vitamin A [water vs fat soluble, source, functions]
- fat soluble
- source: beta carotene in yellow + green leafy veggies, vit A in animal products [liver]
- functions: vision, cellular differentiation
3 Effects of Vitamin A deficiency
- blindness
- immune deficiency
- squamouse metaplasia
- - lacrimal glands
- - respiratory tract
- - urinary tract
Vitamin C [water vs fat soluble, source, functions]
- water soluble
- source: citrus fruit, veggies, milk, fish
- functions: collagen synthesis, antioxidant
Disease of Vitamin C deficiency?
- scurvy
Vitamin D[water vs fat soluble, source, functions]
- fat soluble
- source: photoconversion in skin, diet
- function: calcium regulation
3 Diseases of Vitamin D Deficiency?
- rickets [in kids]
- osteomalacia [in adults]
- hypocalcemic tetany
Prostaglandin E2 [function]
function:
- hyperalgesic [makes skin hypersensitive to pain]
- vasodilation
Major Basic Protein [MBP] [what process is it involved in in neutrophil]
- involved in oxygen independent bactericidal mechanism of neutrophils
Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 [function]
Function
- increase vascular permeability
- vasoconstriction
Leukotriene B4 [function, source]
Function
1. powerful chemotactic agent for neutrophils
Source: leukocytes [
What is effect of Protein C or S deficiency?
hypercoagulation
What is factor V leiden? What is effect?
- alternate form of factor V
- can’t be inactivated by protein C
- hypercoagulation
PGDF [platelet derived growth factor] [function, source]
Function: part of early wound healing
1. miotogenic
– formation fibroblasts, smooth muscle, connective tissue [matrix]
Source: platelets, endothelial cells
Fibronectin [function]
Functions: in early wound healing:
- helps fibroblasts bind fibrin to form fibrin clot
- Promotes phagocytosis
Metalloproteinase [Function]
Function
1. aids in remodelling cellular matrix
What is effect of antithrombin III deficiency?
hypercoagulation
Hemosiderin [what is it, where, disease]
- in liver
- accumulates in large amount in hereditary hemochromatosis
- may cause irreversible injury
What disease associated wtih intranuclear protein lamin A?
Hutchinson-gilford progeria
What is superoxide dismutase [SOD]? Effect of knockout anti-SOD age-1 gene?
- decreases ROS
- knockout will have increased lifespan
MTOR pathway and aging/caloric restriction [function of pathway]
- regulates cell growth, facilitates replicative senescence
- inhibited by caloric restriction
- inhibition may increase life span
AGE protein [function, relation to aging diseases]
- increases ROS, upregulates inflammation
- related to arthritis, atherosclerosis
sirtruin [what is it? what activates it?]
- sirtruin = anti-aging protein
- reserveratrol in red wine activates it
Histamine [Function, Source]
Functions: preformed mediator
- one of first mediators of inflammatory response
- vasodilation
- increased vascular permeability
- activates endothelial cell contraction
Source: mostly mast cells [+ basophils + platelets]
PECAM [what does it stand for? Involved in what?]
- platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule
- involved in migration of neutrophils
C5a [Function]
Functions:
1. chemotactic for neutrophils [ + other leukocytes]
2. stimulates mast cells to release histamine
3. increases vascular permeability
Cells it affects:
C3a [Function]
Functions:
- stimulates mast cells to release histamine
- increases vascular permeability
MPO [myeloperoxidase] [function in neutrophil]
- in oxygen dependent bactericidal mech of neutrophils
- creates HOCL- that kills bacteria
Thromboxane A2 [Function, source]
Function
1. vasoconstriction
2. promotes platelet aggregation
Source: platelets
Platelet Activating Factor [mediated by what antibody, functions, source]
Function: IgE mediated! 1. platelet aggregation 2. broncoconstriction 3. vasodilation 4. increased vascular permeability 5. leukocyte adhesion 6. chemotaxis Source: from mast cells [+ macrophages + other leukocytes + epithelial cells]
Nitric Oxide
Function
1. inhibits platelet aggregation
Source: epithelial cells
Prostaglandin I2 [AKA prostacyclin]
Function
1. vasodilation
2. inhibits platelet aggregation
Source: epithelial cells
Lipoxin [Function]
- negative regulator leukotrienes
- - inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis
- - causes vasodilation
What does aspirin inhibit?
Cyxlooxygenases
- prostaglandins
- thromboxanes
Fibrinopeptides [source, function]
Source: formed in reaction of fibrinogen –> fibrin
Function
1. induce vascular permeability
2. chemotactic for leukocytes
Thrombin [source of activation, function]
Source: activated from prothrombin by factor X
Function:
1. increases leukocyte adhesion to endothelium
Kallikrein [what system, function of enzyme, product]
- enzyme that is part of kinin system
Function - forms bradykinin from plasma kininogens
- activates hageman factor [autocatalytic amplification loop]
Bradykinin [what system, function]
- protein of kinin system Function 1. vasodilation 2. increased vascular permeability 3. pain
C5b-9 [source, function]
- part of complement system Function: form membrane attack complex 1. lyse cells 2. stimulate arachidonic acid metabolism 3. produce ROS by leukocytes
C3b and C3bi [function]
- opsonin [aid phagocytosis]
Hageman factor [other name, chemotactic function]
clotting factor XII
- causes neutrophil aggregation
FGF [Full name, function, source]
Fibroblast growth factor Function: mitogenic 1. stimulates fibroblast proliferation 2. stimulates new vessel growth Source: macrophages, fibroblasts
VEGF [Full name, Function]
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- promotes growth of blood vessels
- involved in sustained growth/angiogenesis transformation stage of cancer
EGF [Function, source]
Function
1. promotes epidermal migration and proliferation
Source: keratinocytes, macrophages
What does TF do specifically in coagulation cascade?
- binds and activates factor VII
What does VII do in coagulation cascade? How is it activated?
- activated by TF
- VII-TF complex activates factor X
- VII-TF complex activates factor IX to amplify thrombin generation
What does factor X do in coagulation cascade? How is it activated?
- activated by VII-TF complex
- converts thrombin –> prothrombin and
fibrinogen –> fibrin
Antithrombin III [Function]
- binds heparin like molecule on epithelial cell surface
- inactivates thrombin
- inactivates factors X/IX
