Cytokines and Chemokines

Question 1

what are the main families of cytokines

Answer 1

interferons
tumour necrosis factor
colony stimulating factor
interleukins

Question 2

what do interleukins do

Answer 2

regulating communication between white blood cells

Question 3

what do th1cytokine responses involve

Answer 3

• promote cellular immunity against viruses and intracellular bacteria
• activate CD8+ cells and NKCs to destroy the infected cells
• activate macrophages to kill ingested pathogens

Question 4

which cytokines are involved in th1 immune responses

Answer 4

interleukin 2 and 12
TNF 1
LT alpha and beta

Question 5

what does interleukin 2 do

Answer 5

critical for t cell survival, proliferation and differentiation

Question 6

function of IL-12

Answer 6

activates natural killer cells which kill viral infected cells and help polarise t cells to become th1 to aid in the immune response

Question 7

function of TNF-1

Answer 7

cause cell death
has broad pro inflammatory effects

Question 8

what do LT alpha beta complexes do

Answer 8

kill chronically infected cells, lymphoid tissue development and macrophage activation

Question 9

what does the th2 immune response do

Answer 9

activates humoral responses via antibodies
strong presence of eosinophils, basophils and mast cells
respond to parasites and promote wound healing and repair
allergies and asthma

Question 10

what are the th2 cytokines

Answer 10

IL4
IL5
IL13
IL10

Question 11

function of IL4

Answer 11

polarise t helper cells to promote mast cell growth and development
stimulate eosinophils and b cells

Question 12

function of IL5/13

Answer 12

signal production of IgE antibodies

Question 13

function of IL10

Answer 13

enhance b cell activation and production of antibodies

Question 14

what drives the th17 immune response

Answer 14

helper t cells that secrete high levels of th17

Question 15

describe the th17 response

Answer 15

controls fungal and extracellular bacteria as they recruit a strong neutrophil response

Question 16

what can an overactive th17 response lead to

Answer 16

IBS

Question 17

what cytokines are involved in th17 responses

Answer 17

IL27
IL22
IL23

Question 18

what does IL27 do

Answer 18

increase the CXCL8 gradient for neutrophil attraction

Question 19

what do t regulatory cells do

Answer 19

they dampen down immune responses to prevent excessive tissue damage and the risk of autoimmunity

Question 20

what are the some t regulatory cytokines

Answer 20

IL10
TGF beta

Question 21

function of TGF beta

Answer 21

promote healing and anti inflammation
promote t reg development
inhibit macrophages

Question 22

main function of all chemokines

Answer 22

rearrange cytoskeleton and chemotaxis
meticulous organisation of lymph nodes from chemokine activity

Question 23

what are the two families of chemokines

Answer 23

CC family and CXC family

Question 24

what do CC chemokines do

Answer 24

induce migration of lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 25

function of CCL2

Answer 25

promote th2 immunity and release histamine from basophils

Question 26

function of CCL3

Answer 26

recruit monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils
promote th1 immunity

Question 27

function of CCL4

Answer 27

recruit monocytes and natural killer cells

Question 28

function of CCL5

Answer 28

recruit eosinophils, t cells and basophils to infection sites and activate NKCs

Question 29

main function of CXC chemokines

Answer 29

recruit neutrophils

Question 30

what does CXCL8 do

Answer 30

recruit neutrophils
this is interleukin 8

Question 31

what does CXCL7 do

Answer 31

released from activated platelets
activates neutrophils, and promotes angiogenesis

Question 32

what does CXCL1 CXCL2 and CXCL3 do

Answer 32

promote angiogenesis, activate neutrophils, stimulate fibroblast proliferation
released from endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and monocytes instead of platelets