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Immunology - First Aid > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Macrophages secrete which cytokines?

A

IL-1

IL-6

IL-8

IL-12

IL-18

Tumor necrosis factor-α

Transforming growth factor-β

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2
Q

IL-1 is mostly secreted by which cells?

A

Monocytes/ Macrophages

B cells

Dendritic cells

Endothelial cells

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3
Q

How does IL-1 affect Th cells?

A

Costimulation activation

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4
Q

IL-1 effect on B cells?

A

Promotes maturation & clonal expansion

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5
Q

IL-1 effect on NK cells?

A

↑ activity

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6
Q

IL-1 effect on endothelial cells

A

↑ ICAMs

intercellular adhesion molecules/ selectins

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7
Q

IL-1 effect on macrophages & neutrophils?

A

Chemotaxis (attracts them)

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8
Q

IL-1 effect on hepatocytes?

A

Induces synthesis of acute-phase proteins

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9
Q

IL-1 effect on hypothalamus?

A

Induces fever

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10
Q

Costimulation activation is caused by which interleukins?

A

IL-1

IL-4

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11
Q

IL-1 effect on bone?

A

Activates osteoclasts

Osteoclast-activating factor

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12
Q

IL-2 effect?

secreted by?

A

Adaptive immunity

  • ↑ B cells
  • ↑ activated T cells (↑helper ↑cytotoxic ↑Treg cells)
  • ↑ NK cell function

(secreted by Th cells)

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13
Q

IL-3 effect?

secreted by?

A

Adaptive immunity

-Stimulates bone marrow: hematopoietic precursor proliferation and differentiation → ↑bone marrow stem cells

(function similar to GM-CSF; granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor)

(secreted by Th cells & NK cells)

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14
Q

IL-4 effect?

secreted by?

A

Humoral & Adaptive immunity & pro-inflammatory

  • class switch to IgG & IgE
  • Costimulation activation & ↑ B & T cells
  • enhances MHC class II expression
  • ↓Th1, ↓macrophages, ↓IFN-gamma, ↓IL-12

(secreted by Th2 cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils)

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15
Q

IL-5 effect?

secreted by?

A

Adaptive immunity

  • IgM & Class switch to IgA
  • Eosinophil activation
  • B-cell proliferation and maturation

(secreted by Th2 cells & mast cells)

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16
Q

IL-6 effect?

secreted by?

A

Pro-inflammatory

  • Induces acute-phase protein synthesis in hepatocytes
  • Proliferating B cells → plasma cells → stimulates antibody secretion
  • Promotes differentiation in myeloid stem cells

(secreted by monocytes/ macrophages, Th2 cells, bone marrow stromal cells, fibroblasts)

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17
Q

IL-6 effect on hepatocytes?

A

Induces acute-phase protein synthesis

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18
Q

Which cytokines are pro-inflammatory (cause fever)?

A

IL-1

IL-6

IL-8

IL-11

IL-17

IL-18

IFN-α/ IFN-β/ IFN-γ

TNF-α/ TNF-β

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19
Q

IL-8 effect?

secreted by?

A

Pro-inflammatory

  • Neutrophil chemokine
    (neutrophil & T cell chemotaxis: induces adherence to endothelium & extravasation into tissues to clear infection)

(secreted by macrophages & endothelial cells)

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20
Q

IL-12 effect?

secreted by?

A

Anti-inflammatory

  • Activates NK cells
  • Induces T cells → Th1 cells
  • Facilitates granuloma formation in TB
  • phagocyte cell activation
  • endotoxic shock
  • tumor cytotoxicity
  • cachexia

(secreted by T cells, monocytes/ macrophages)

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21
Q

IL-1 effect?

secreted by?

A

Pro-inflammatory

  • Pyrogenic
  • ↑ B cells
  • ↑ NK cells
  • ↑ T-cells
  • ↑ BM bone marrow cells

(secreted by Monocytes/ Macrophages, B cells, Dendritic cells, Endothelial cells)

22
Q

Which cytokines are anti-inflammatory?

A

IL-10

IL-12

IL-22

IL-37, IL-38

TGF-β

23
Q

Which cytokines are part of adaptive immunity?

A

IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5

IL-7

IL-9

GM-CSF
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor

M-CSF
macrophage colony stimulating factor

24
Q

What are the illnesses associated with IL-4?

A

Allergic inflammation

  • allergic asthma
  • atopic dermatitis
  • allergic rhinitis

Tumors

  • rhabdomyosarcoma
  • meningiomas

HIV

25
Q

IL-10 effects?

secreted by?

A

Anti-inflammatory

  • ↓ MHC class II
  • ↓ Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ)
  • ↓ activated macrophages
  • ↓ dendritic cells

(secreted by B cells, macrophages, Th2 cells, also Treg cells)

26
Q

IL-13 effect?

secreted by?

A

Pro-inflammatory
(similar to IL-4 because shared receptor)

  • ↑ IgE
  • Induces alternative macrophage activation
  • goblet cell hyperplasia
  • mucus hypersecretion, airway hyperresponsiveness, fibrosis

(secreted by Th2 cells, CD4 cells, NK cell, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils)

27
Q

IFN-γ effect?

secreted by?

A

Pro-inflammatory

  • Anti-viral (↑ NK cells to kill virus)
  • ↑ macrophage activation & maturation (formation of phagolysosome → kill phagocytosed pathogen & granuloma formation: CGD treatment)
  • ↑ IgG (B cells)
  • ↑ neutrophil and monocyte function
  • ↑ MHC-I and -II expression on all cells
  • iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase (produces nitrogen intermediates & free radicals which destroy components of M.TB)
  • ↓ Th2 cells
  • ↓ blocks IL-4 switch to IgE

(secreted by NK cells & mature Th1 Cells in response to
antigen or IL-12 from macrophages)

28
Q

Cytokines involved in granuloma formation?

A

IL-12
(facilitates granuloma formation in TB)

TNF-α
(Maintains granulomas in TB)

IFN-γ
(activates macrophages to induce granuloma formation, CGD chronic granulomatous disease treatment)

29
Q

TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-α effects?

secreted by?

A

Pro-inflammatory

  • Phagocyte cell activation, WBC recruitment
  • Endotoxic shock
  • Activates endothelium → vascular leak
  • Maintains granulomas in TB
  • Cachexia in malignancy & chronic inflammation

(secreted by macrophages, NK cells)

30
Q

Cytokines that can mediate sepsis?

A

IL-1

IL-6

TNF-α

31
Q

TGF-β transforming growth factor-β effect?

secreted by?

A

Anti-inflammatory

  • ↓ T and B cell
  • ↓ hematopoiesis
  • ↑ wound healing
  • ↑ IgA

(secreted by T cells and B cells, platelets, macros, mast cells)

32
Q

TNF-β effect?

secreted by?

A

Pro-inflammatory

-Chemotactic, phagocytosis, oncostatic, cytokines in phagocytes & tumor cells

(secreted by Th1, CTL)

33
Q

Which cytokine is used as clinically to counteract the neutropenia following ablative chemotherapy?

A

G-CSF
granulocyte colony stimulating factor

GM-CSF
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor

(both ↑ bone marrow granulocytes & pre-cursor macrophages)

34
Q

IL-11 clinical use?

A

Thrombocytopenia prevention in cancer patients

↑ platelets

35
Q

IL-2 clinical use?

A

Aldesleukin

Renal cell carcinoma

Malignant metastatic melanoma

(↑ lymphocytes, ↑ NKs)

36
Q

Which cytokine is used for marrow recovery?

Why?

A

Sargramostim
(GM-CSF)
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor

Filgrastim
(G-CSF)
granulocyte colony stimulating factor

↑ bone marrow granulocytes & pre-cursor macrophages

-used to counteract the neutropenia following ablative chemotherapy

37
Q

Which cytokine is used in treatment of CGD (chronic granulomatous disease)?

A

IFN-γ

↑ macrophage activation (kill phagocytosed pathogen & granuloma formation) & ↑TNF

38
Q

IFN-α effect?

secreted by?

A

Pro-inflammatory

-Anti-viral

(innate host defense; interfere with both RNA and DNA viruses; ↑ MHC expression to facilitate recognition of infected cells)

(secreted by macrophages, neutrophils, and some somatic cells)

39
Q

Cytokines which inhibit viral replication?

A

IFN-α (hepatitis B & C, leukemias, melanoma)

IFN-β (multiple sclerosis)

40
Q

Cytokine that induces class switch to IgE?

A

IL-4

IL-13

(stimulates proliferation & differentiation of activated B cells)

41
Q

Cytokine that induces class switch to IgA?

A

IL-5

TGF-β

42
Q

Aldesleukin clinical uses?

A

Aldesleukin (IL-2)

Renal cell carcinoma

Malignant metastatic melanoma

(↑ lymphocytes, ↑ NKs)

43
Q

Sargramostim clinical use?

A

Sargramostim
(GM-CSF)
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor

  • marrow recovery
  • used to counteract the neutropenia following ablative chemotherapy

(↑ bone marrow granulocytes & pre-cursor macrophages)

44
Q

Filgrastim clinical use

A

Filgrastim
(G-CSF)
granulocyte colony stimulating factor

  • marrow recovery
  • used to counteract the neutropenia following ablative chemotherapy

(↑ bone marrow granulocytes & pre-cursor macrophages)

45
Q

IFN-α clinical use?

A

(inhibits viral replication)
Chronic HBV, Hep B & C
Chronic granulomatous disease
Condyloma acuminatum (HPV anogenital warts)

(activating antitumor immunity)
Hairy cell leukemia
Malignant melanoma
Kaposi sarcoma
Renal cell carcinoma
46
Q

Interferons common adverse effects?

A

Flu-like symptoms

Depression

Neutropenia

Myopathy

Interferon-induced autoimmunity

47
Q

Which cytokine increases expression of ICAMs on endothelial cells?

A

IL-1

48
Q

IFN-β clinical use?

A

Multiple sclerosis

↓ remission & ↓ severity of relapse in young adults

49
Q

IFN-γ clinical use?

A

CGD (chronic granulomatous disease)

↑macrophage activation, ↑inflammatory response, ↑ROS inside phagocytic cells

50
Q

Which cytokine has clinical use in multiple sclerosis?

A

IFN-β

51
Q

Which cytokine has clinical use in hairy B cell leukemia?

A

IFN-α

52
Q

Which cytokine has clinical use in hepatitis B & C infections?

A

IFN-α

Immunology - First Aid (15 decks)

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