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Immunology - First Aid > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Macrophages secrete which cytokines?

A

IL-1

IL-6

IL-8

IL-12

IL-18

Tumor necrosis factor-α

Transforming growth factor-β

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2
Q

IL-1 is mostly secreted by which cells?

A

Monocytes/ Macrophages

B cells

Dendritic cells

Endothelial cells

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3
Q

How does IL-1 affect Th cells?

A

Costimulation activation

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4
Q

IL-1 effect on B cells?

A

Promotes maturation & clonal expansion

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5
Q

IL-1 effect on NK cells?

A

↑ activity

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6
Q

IL-1 effect on endothelial cells

A

↑ ICAMs

intercellular adhesion molecules/ selectins

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7
Q

IL-1 effect on macrophages & neutrophils?

A

Chemotaxis (attracts them)

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8
Q

IL-1 effect on hepatocytes?

A

Induces synthesis of acute-phase proteins

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9
Q

IL-1 effect on hypothalamus?

A

Induces fever

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10
Q

Costimulation activation is caused by which interleukins?

A

IL-1

IL-4

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11
Q

IL-1 effect on bone?

A

Activates osteoclasts

Osteoclast-activating factor

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12
Q

IL-2 effect?

secreted by?

A

Adaptive immunity

  • ↑ B cells
  • ↑ activated T cells (↑helper ↑cytotoxic ↑Treg cells)
  • ↑ NK cell function

(secreted by Th cells)

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13
Q

IL-3 effect?

secreted by?

A

Adaptive immunity

-Stimulates bone marrow: hematopoietic precursor proliferation and differentiation → ↑bone marrow stem cells

(function similar to GM-CSF; granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor)

(secreted by Th cells & NK cells)

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14
Q

IL-4 effect?

secreted by?

A

Humoral & Adaptive immunity & pro-inflammatory

  • class switch to IgG & IgE
  • Costimulation activation & ↑ B & T cells
  • enhances MHC class II expression
  • ↓Th1, ↓macrophages, ↓IFN-gamma, ↓IL-12

(secreted by Th2 cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils)

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15
Q

IL-5 effect?

secreted by?

A

Adaptive immunity

  • IgM & Class switch to IgA
  • Eosinophil activation
  • B-cell proliferation and maturation

(secreted by Th2 cells & mast cells)

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16
Q

IL-6 effect?

secreted by?

A

Pro-inflammatory

  • Induces acute-phase protein synthesis in hepatocytes
  • Proliferating B cells → plasma cells → stimulates antibody secretion
  • Promotes differentiation in myeloid stem cells

(secreted by monocytes/ macrophages, Th2 cells, bone marrow stromal cells, fibroblasts)

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17
Q

IL-6 effect on hepatocytes?

A

Induces acute-phase protein synthesis

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18
Q

Which cytokines are pro-inflammatory (cause fever)?

A

IL-1

IL-6

IL-8

IL-11

IL-17

IL-18

IFN-α/ IFN-β/ IFN-γ

TNF-α/ TNF-β

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19
Q

IL-8 effect?

secreted by?

A

Pro-inflammatory

  • Neutrophil chemokine
    (neutrophil & T cell chemotaxis: induces adherence to endothelium & extravasation into tissues to clear infection)

(secreted by macrophages & endothelial cells)

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20
Q

IL-12 effect?

secreted by?

A

Anti-inflammatory

  • Activates NK cells
  • Induces T cells → Th1 cells
  • Facilitates granuloma formation in TB
  • phagocyte cell activation
  • endotoxic shock
  • tumor cytotoxicity
  • cachexia

(secreted by T cells, monocytes/ macrophages)

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21
Q

IL-1 effect?

secreted by?

A

Pro-inflammatory

  • Pyrogenic
  • ↑ B cells
  • ↑ NK cells
  • ↑ T-cells
  • ↑ BM bone marrow cells

(secreted by Monocytes/ Macrophages, B cells, Dendritic cells, Endothelial cells)

22
Q

Which cytokines are anti-inflammatory?

A

IL-10

IL-12

IL-22

IL-37, IL-38

TGF-β

23
Q

Which cytokines are part of adaptive immunity?

A

IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5

IL-7

IL-9

GM-CSF
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor

M-CSF
macrophage colony stimulating factor

24
Q

What are the illnesses associated with IL-4?

A

Allergic inflammation

  • allergic asthma
  • atopic dermatitis
  • allergic rhinitis

Tumors

  • rhabdomyosarcoma
  • meningiomas

HIV

25
IL-10 effects? secreted by?
Anti-inflammatory - ↓ MHC class II - ↓ Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ) - ↓ activated macrophages - ↓ dendritic cells (secreted by B cells, macrophages, Th2 cells, also Treg cells)
26
IL-13 effect? secreted by?
Pro-inflammatory (similar to IL-4 because shared receptor) - ↑ IgE - Induces alternative macrophage activation - goblet cell hyperplasia - mucus hypersecretion, airway hyperresponsiveness, fibrosis (secreted by Th2 cells, CD4 cells, NK cell, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils)
27
IFN-γ effect? secreted by?
Pro-inflammatory - Anti-viral (↑ NK cells to kill virus) - ↑ macrophage activation & maturation (formation of phagolysosome → kill phagocytosed pathogen & granuloma formation: CGD treatment) - ↑ IgG (B cells) - ↑ neutrophil and monocyte function - ↑ MHC-I and -II expression on all cells - iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase (produces nitrogen intermediates & free radicals which destroy components of M.TB) - ↓ Th2 cells - ↓ blocks IL-4 switch to IgE (secreted by NK cells & mature Th1 Cells in response to antigen or IL-12 from macrophages)
28
Cytokines involved in granuloma formation?
IL-12 (facilitates granuloma formation in TB) TNF-α (Maintains granulomas in TB) IFN-γ (activates macrophages to induce granuloma formation, CGD chronic granulomatous disease treatment)
29
TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-α effects? secreted by?
Pro-inflammatory - Phagocyte cell activation, WBC recruitment - Endotoxic shock - Activates endothelium → vascular leak - Maintains granulomas in TB - Cachexia in malignancy & chronic inflammation (secreted by macrophages, NK cells)
30
Cytokines that can mediate sepsis?
IL-1 IL-6 TNF-α
31
TGF-β transforming growth factor-β effect? secreted by?
Anti-inflammatory - ↓ T and B cell - ↓ hematopoiesis - ↑ wound healing - ↑ IgA (secreted by T cells and B cells, platelets, macros, mast cells)
32
TNF-β effect? secreted by?
Pro-inflammatory -Chemotactic, phagocytosis, oncostatic, cytokines in phagocytes & tumor cells (secreted by Th1, CTL)
33
Which cytokine is used as clinically to counteract the neutropenia following ablative chemotherapy?
G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (both ↑ bone marrow granulocytes & pre-cursor macrophages)
34
IL-11 clinical use?
Thrombocytopenia prevention in cancer patients | ↑ platelets
35
IL-2 clinical use?
Aldesleukin Renal cell carcinoma Malignant metastatic melanoma (↑ lymphocytes, ↑ NKs)
36
Which cytokine is used for marrow recovery? Why?
Sargramostim (GM-CSF) granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor Filgrastim (G-CSF) granulocyte colony stimulating factor ↑ bone marrow granulocytes & pre-cursor macrophages -used to counteract the neutropenia following ablative chemotherapy
37
Which cytokine is used in treatment of CGD (chronic granulomatous disease)?
IFN-γ | ↑ macrophage activation (kill phagocytosed pathogen & granuloma formation) & ↑TNF
38
IFN-α effect? secreted by?
Pro-inflammatory -Anti-viral (innate host defense; interfere with both RNA and DNA viruses; ↑ MHC expression to facilitate recognition of infected cells) (secreted by macrophages, neutrophils, and some somatic cells)
39
Cytokines which inhibit viral replication?
IFN-α (hepatitis B & C, leukemias, melanoma) IFN-β (multiple sclerosis)
40
Cytokine that induces class switch to IgE?
IL-4 IL-13 (stimulates proliferation & differentiation of activated B cells)
41
Cytokine that induces class switch to IgA?
IL-5 TGF-β
42
Aldesleukin clinical uses?
Aldesleukin (IL-2) Renal cell carcinoma Malignant metastatic melanoma (↑ lymphocytes, ↑ NKs)
43
Sargramostim clinical use?
Sargramostim (GM-CSF) granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor - marrow recovery - used to counteract the neutropenia following ablative chemotherapy (↑ bone marrow granulocytes & pre-cursor macrophages)
44
Filgrastim clinical use
Filgrastim (G-CSF) granulocyte colony stimulating factor - marrow recovery - used to counteract the neutropenia following ablative chemotherapy (↑ bone marrow granulocytes & pre-cursor macrophages)
45
IFN-α clinical use?
(inhibits viral replication) Chronic HBV, Hep B & C Chronic granulomatous disease Condyloma acuminatum (HPV anogenital warts) ``` (activating antitumor immunity) Hairy cell leukemia Malignant melanoma Kaposi sarcoma Renal cell carcinoma ```
46
Interferons common adverse effects?
Flu-like symptoms Depression Neutropenia Myopathy Interferon-induced autoimmunity
47
Which cytokine increases expression of ICAMs on endothelial cells?
IL-1
48
IFN-β clinical use?
Multiple sclerosis | ↓ remission & ↓ severity of relapse in young adults
49
IFN-γ clinical use?
CGD (chronic granulomatous disease) | ↑macrophage activation, ↑inflammatory response, ↑ROS inside phagocytic cells
50
Which cytokine has clinical use in multiple sclerosis?
IFN-β
51
Which cytokine has clinical use in hairy B cell leukemia?
IFN-α
52
Which cytokine has clinical use in hepatitis B & C infections?
IFN-α

Immunology - First Aid (15 decks)

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