Cytokine storm

Question 1

Autocrine

Answer 1

Cytokine acts on itself

Question 2

Paracrine

Answer 2

Cytokine acts on nearby cell

Question 3

Endocrine

Answer 3

Cytokine travels in blood to distant cell

Question 4

Pleiotrophy

Answer 4

One cytokine has different effects on different cells

Question 5

Redundancy

Answer 5

Different cytokines have the same function (IL-2,4,5)

Question 6

Synergism

Answer 6

2 cytokines come together to have greater effect on the cell

Question 7

Antagonism

Answer 7

(IL-4 stimulates class switching to IgE, this is blocked by IFN-y)

Question 8

Cascading cytokines

Answer 8

Cytokines stimulate the production of other cytokines

Question 9

IFN-y

Answer 9

Pro-inflammatory
Activates macrophages and induces expression of MHC ii
Inhibits viral replication

Question 10

TNF-a

Answer 10

Pro-inflammatory
Produced by macrophages, CD4, NK, neutrophils and mast cells
Regulates immune cells, apoptosis, inflammation etc
Causes heat, swelling, redness and pain
High concentration = low BP, high HR and low organ perfusion

Question 11

IL-10

Answer 11

Human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor
Anti-inflammatory
Downregulates TH1
Made by monocytes, mast cells, TH2 cells and Tree cells

Question 12

IL-6

Answer 12

Pro and anti inflammatory
Made by T cells and macrophages
Mediates fever and acute phase response - crosses BBB and causes synthesis of PGE2 in hypothalamus to change body temp

Question 13

IL-4

Answer 13

Stimulates B and T cell proliferation and differentiation of CD4+ into TH1 and 2
Induces B class switching to IgE (allergy) and up regulates MHCii

Question 14

TGN1412

Answer 14

T cell activated by antibodies (CD28) interacting with receptor - recruits and expands regulatory cells