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BSMLS2A PRELIMS > CYTOGENETICS > Flashcards

CYTOGENETICS Flashcards

1
Q

It is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual
reproduction in eukaryotes.

A

Meiosis

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2
Q

What are the cells produced in Meiosis?

A

Spores or Gametes

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3
Q

What is the name of gametes?

A

Sperm and Egg Cell

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4
Q

What is the the type of special division wherein gametes form from special cells?

A

Germline

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5
Q

Meiosis halves the amount of genetic material, so what happens when the sperm cell meets the egg cell?

A

The full amount of genetic material is restored.

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6
Q

In recombination:

This shuffles the genes between the two chromosomes in each pair (one received from each parent), producing chromosomes with new genetic combinations in every gamete generated.

A

Meiosis

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7
Q

In recombination:

This does not shuffle the genes, producing chromosomes pair identical to those in the parent cell.

A

Mitosis

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8
Q

In chromosome count:

It produces four genetically unique cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as in the parent.

A

Meiosis

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9
Q

In chromosome count:

It produces the two genetically identical cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as in the parent.

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

What contain 23 different chromosomes, constituting one copy of the genome?

A

Gametes/Sex Cells

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11
Q

What contain 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes?

One member of each pair comes from the person’s mother and one from the father.

A

Somatic Cells/Body Cells

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12
Q

What cells are diploid (2n)?

A

Somatic Cells/Body Cells

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13
Q

What cells are haploid (n)?

A

Gametes/Sex Cells

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14
Q

What cells have only one of each type of chromosome?

A

Gametes/Sex Cells

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15
Q

This is the term for genetically overloaded cell without meiosis.

A

Polypoid

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16
Q

The sperm cell and egg cell would each contain 46 chromosomes and the fertilized ovum would have twice the normal amount of number of chromosomes (92).

A

Polypoid

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17
Q

If this is the case, the fertilized ovum will not develop and do not develop to be born.

A

Polypoid

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18
Q

What cell division mixes up trait combination?

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of sexual production?

A

Genetic Diversity

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20
Q

This mechanism may allow a population to survive an environmental challenge.

A

Genetic Diversity

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21
Q

What are the two divisions of Meiosis?

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

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22
Q

Meiosis I is also called as what?

A

Reduction Division

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23
Q

Why is Meiosis I called as Reduction Division?

A

Because it reduces the number of chromosomes from 46 to 23

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24
Q

The reduction division produces ___?

A

Four haploid cells from a single diploid cell

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25
Q

In reduction division:

The parent cell contains ___?

A

Replicated chromosomes

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26
Q

In reduction division:

The four daughter cells contains ___?

A

Unreplicated chromosomes

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27
Q

Is Meiosis a life cycle/cycle?

A

Meiosis, itself, is not a cycle

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28
Q

In Meiosis, daughter cells are that is produced in reduction division is?

A

Not identical to the parent

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29
Q

In mitosis, daughter cells that is produced is?

A

Identical to the parent

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30
Q

What kind of division eukaryotes undergoes?

A

Both Mitosis and Meiosis

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31
Q

What kind of division prokaryotes undergoes?

A

Binary Fission

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32
Q

Meiosis II is also called as what?

A

Equational Division

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33
Q

Why is Meiosis II called as Equational Division?

A

Because it does not reduce the number of chromosomes

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34
Q

The Equational division produces ___?

A

Produces 4 cells from the two cells formed in the first division by “Splitting the replicated chromosomes”

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35
Q

Mitosis/Meiosis will occur after what phase of the cell?

A

Interphase

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36
Q

Define interphase.

A

Replication of DNA (Doubles the DNA)

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37
Q

In meiosis, one homolog will come from the ___ and the other homolog from the ___?

A

Mother; Father

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38
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

Begins as the replicated chromosomes condensed and become visible when stained.

A

Prophase I

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39
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

Spindle fibers form.

A

Prophase I

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40
Q

What even occurs toward the middle of Prophase I, the
homologs line up next to one another, gene by gene?

A

Synapsis

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41
Q

What holds (2) a chromosome pair together?

A

RNA and Protein

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42
Q

What is the term in Prophase I where the homologs exchange parts?

A

Cross-over

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43
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

All 4 chromatids that comprise each homologous chromosome pair are pressed together as exchange occur.

A

Prophase I

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44
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

After crossing over each homolog bear the genes from each parent.

A

Prophase I

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45
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

Prior to this; all of the genes on a homolog were derived from one parent.

A

Prophase I

46
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

When the homologs align down the center of the cell.

A

Metaphase I

47
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

Each member of a homolog pair attaches to a spindle fiber at opposite poles.

A

Metaphase I

48
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

For each homolog pair, the pole the maternally or paternally
derived member genes go to is random.

A

Metaphase I

49
Q

The alignment of chromosomes is important in Metaphase I because?

A

It is important in generating genetic diversity.

50
Q

In metaphase I, 2 pairs of homologs can produce what?

A

4 (2) different metaphase alignments are possible.

51
Q

In metaphase I, 3 pairs of homologs can produce what?

A

8 (2) different metaphase alignments are possible.

52
Q

What law is the random alignment of chromosomes?

A

Law of Independent Assortment

53
Q

What law is the fate of a gene on one chromosome is not
influenced by a gene on a different chromosome?

A

Law of Independent Assortment

54
Q

This principle states that the alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed. These allele pairs are then randomly united at fertilization.

A

Law of Independent Assortment

55
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

Homologs separate in this phase and finish moving to opposite poles.

A

Anaphase I

56
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

Movements establish a haploid set of still-replicated chromosomes at each end of the stretch out cell.

A

Anaphase I

57
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

Centromeres of each homolog remains together unlike in mitosis.

A

Anaphase I

58
Q

In this phase, chromosomes unfold into very thin threads.

A

Interphase II

59
Q

Proteins are manufactured , but DNA is not replicated a second
time.

The single DNA replication, followed by the double division of
meiosis, halves the chromosome number.

A

Interphase II

60
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

Marks the start of the second meiotic division.

A

Prophase II

61
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

Chromosomes are again condensed and visible.

A

Prophase II

62
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

The replicated chromosomes align down the center of the cell.

A

Metaphase II

63
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

The centromeres part and the newly formed chromosomes, each now in the unreplicated form move to opposite poles.

A

Anaphase II

64
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS:

Nuclear envelope form around the four nuclei w/c then separate into individual cells.

A

Telophase II

65
Q

What is the result of Meiosis?

A

Four haploid cells carrying new assortment of genes and chromosomes that represent a new single copy of a genome.

66
Q

When does a male begin manufacturing sperm?

A

During puberty and throughout lifetime

67
Q

When does a female begin meiosis?

A

During Fetus

68
Q

When is a meiosis completed in a female?

A

Only if a sperm fertilizes an egg cell of the female

69
Q

What is the formation of sperm cells?

A

Spermatogenesis

70
Q

What is the diploid stem cell of a sperm cell?

A

Spermatogonium

71
Q

Does a sperm cell divide through meiosis or mitosis?

A

Mitosis

72
Q

What happens to the two daughter cells of a sperm cell?

A

One continuous to become a specialize mature sperm.

The other will remain as a stem cell, to produce more sperm.

73
Q

What happens when spermatogonia mature, and they accumulate their cytoplasm and replicate their DNA?

A

Primary Spermatocytes

74
Q

What happens when each primary spermatocytes has undergone reduction division to form two equal sized haploid cells?

A

Secondary Spermatocytes

75
Q

What happens when secondary spermatocytes undergo equational division?

A

Spermatids

76
Q

What happens to spermatids when they mature?

A

Sperm Cells

77
Q

What happens to secondary spermatocytes in Meiosis II?

A

They produce 2 equal spermatids each.

78
Q

What specific feature does a spermatid develop during maturation?

A

Flagellum or Sperm Tail

79
Q

How can a sperm cell propel itself in the female tract?

A

Due to the tail having ATP molecules

80
Q

How long does a sperm cell need to travel to reach an egg cell?

A

18cm or 7in

81
Q

What are the three parts of a sperm cell?

A

1) Head
2) Body or Midpiece
3) Tail

82
Q

What is the membrane-covered area of the head of a sperm cell that contains an enzyme that help the sperm cell penetrate the protective layers of an egg cell?

A

Acrosome

83
Q

Where is DNA found in sperm cells?

A

In the head

84
Q

What is the status of the DNA in the head of the sperm cell?

A

Genetically inactive

85
Q

What happens to spermatogonia that is exposed to toxins?

A

Damaged and never matures into a sperm

86
Q

What is the formation of egg cells? It is also the meiosis for females.

A

Oogenesis (Egg Making)

87
Q

What is the diploid stem cell of an egg cell?

A

Oogonium

88
Q

Is the Oogonia attached to the egg cell?

A

No

89
Q

What surrounds the egg cell?

A

Follicle Cells

90
Q

What happens when an Oogonium grows, the cytoplasm accumulated, and the DNA has replicated?

A

Primary Oocyte

91
Q

What happens in the ensuing meiotic division in oogenesis?

A

They produce cells of DIFFERENT SIZES

92
Q

What consists of an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous granulosa cells?

A

Primordial Follicle

93
Q

What happens to the primordial follicle when granulosa cells become enlarged and cuboidal?

A

Primary Follicle

94
Q

What is formed when the primary follicle enlarges and the granulosa cells form more than one layer?

A

Zona pellucida

95
Q

What is the structure called when fluid-filled vesicles develop among the granulosa cells and a well-developed capsule or theca becomes apparent among the granulosa cells?

A

Secondary Follicle

96
Q

It possesses the internal and external layers of an egg cell.

A

Theca

97
Q

What is the structure called when the fluid-filled vesicles form an “Antrum”?

A

Matured Follicle

98
Q

What is the surrounding granulosa cells of cumulus mass that surrounds the oocyte released from the follicle?

A

Corona radiata

99
Q

Following ovulation, what is formed when granulosa cells divide rapidly and enlarge?

A

Yellow corpus luteum

100
Q

What do you call a degenerated corpus luteum?

A

Corpus albicans

101
Q

During Meiosis I, what is produced when the primary oocyte divides into two small cells with very small cytoplasm?

A

First polar body

102
Q

During Meiosis I, what is produced when the primary oocyte divides into two small cells with very large cytoplasm?

A

Secondary Oocyte

103
Q

What can happen in the first polar body during Meiosis II?

A

Either yield 2 polar bodies with the same unreplicated chromosomes or decompose

104
Q

During Meiosis II, what is produced when the secondary oocytes divides into two small cells with very small cytoplasm?

A

Small polar body

105
Q

During Meiosis II, what is produced when the secondary oocytes divides into two small cells with very large cytoplasm?

A

Mature Egg Cell or Ovum

106
Q

What happens if a polar body is not absorbed by the body and is fertilized by a sperm cell?

A

Blighted Ovum, a type of miscarriage

107
Q

Before birth a female’s million or so oocytes arrest in where?

A

Prophase I of Oogenesis

108
Q

At what stage does Meiosis of females stop?

A

Metaphase II

109
Q

What event is the response to specific hormonal cues each month one ovary releases a secondary oocyte?

A

Ovulation

110
Q

When is meiosis completed in females?

A

When sperm has fertilized the secondary oocyte

111
Q

What happens when the secondary oocyte is not fertilized?

A

Menstrual Flow

112
Q

How much can a female produce oocytes between puberty and menopause?

A

400 Oocytes

BSMLS2A PRELIMS (8 decks)

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