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CYTOGENETICS > CYTOGEN 2ND TRINAL > Flashcards

CYTOGEN 2ND TRINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to mRNA

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2
Q

Replication

A

DNA to DNA

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3
Q
  • Reverse Transcription
A

RNA to DNA

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4
Q
  • Translation
A

RNA to Protein

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5
Q

do most of the work in the cell

A

PROTEINS

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6
Q

two DNA copies are produced from one original DNA

A
  • Conservative Replication
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7
Q

Two DNA copies are produced with one new strand and the other strand from the old DNA

A
  • Semiconservative Replication
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8
Q

where the flow of information in the cell starts

A

DNA

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9
Q

BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR REPLICATION

A
  • Substrates
  • Template
  • Enzymes and Proteins
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10
Q
  • the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate
A

dATP
dGTP
dCTP
dTTP

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11
Q
  • Both the strands of __________ serve as template for the synthesis of new daughter cells
A

DNA Double helix

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12
Q
  • DNA Replication Key Enzymes
A

o Helicase
o DNA Polymerase
o Primase
o Ligase

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13
Q

o Unwinds the DNA

A
  • DNA B Protein (Helicase)
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14
Q

o Guides DNA polymerase on where to start

A
  • Primase
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15
Q

o Relieves torsional strains by cutting & joining single-strand or both strands

A
  • DNA topoisomerase I & II
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16
Q

o DNA chain elongation
o Finishes nucleotide sequence

A
  • DNA Polymerase
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17
Q

o Joins okazaki fragments
o Glue fragments

A
  • DNA Ligase
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18
Q

o Initiates where the origin of replication

A
  • DNA A Protein
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19
Q

o Binds and separates single stranded DNA and stabilizes after helicase separates it.

A
  • SSB (Single strand Binding Protein)
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20
Q

o Prevents the helicase from further unwinding and signals termination

A
  • Ter Binding Protein
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21
Q
  • The DNA synthesis is catalyzed by enzyme called DNA dependent DNA polymerase called a
A

primase

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22
Q

o DNA chain elongation is always

A

5’ to 3’ direction

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23
Q

o DNA repair

A

5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity

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24
Q

o Proofreading

A

3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

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25
Q

TYPES OF POLYMERASES

A
  • Polymerase in prokaryotes
  • Polymerase in eukaryotes
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26
Q
  • Polymerase in prokaryotes
A

o DNA polymerase I
proofreads
o DNA polymerase II
o DNA polymerase III
Starts the primers

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27
Q
  • Polymerase in eukaryotes
A

o DNA polymerase alpha
o DNA polymerase epsilon
o DNA polymerase beta
o DNA polymerase delta
o DNA polymerase gamma

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27
Q
  • Synthesized by DNA dependent RNA polymerase called primase (in a 5’ to 3’ direction) using DNA as a template
A

RNA PRIMER

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28
Q

is a short piece of RNA required for synthesis of DNA

A

Primer

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29
Q

o RNA is made up of

A

RNA

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30
Q

STEPS OF DNA REPLICATION

A
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination
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31
Q
  • Termination
A

o I. helicase unwinds DNA
o II. SSB proteins bind to DNA strands
o III. Primase creates primer
o IV. DNA polymerase begins to build
o V. Ligase fills in the lagging strand
o VI. Ter binding protein signals helicase to
stop unwinding

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32
Q
  • Simultaneous
A

INITIATION

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33
Q
  • Eukaryotes start at multiple sites compose solely of A-T Base pairs which are called
A

consensus sequence

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34
Q

o One round of synthesis involves _________ nucleotides per strand which completes in about 40 min.

A

4 million

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35
Q
  • The place where the DNA replication starts
A

ORIGIN

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36
Q
  • ____________ recognizes and binds to the “Ori” of the DNA and denature (breaks down) DNA
A

DNA A protein

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37
Q

________ binds to this region and unwinds two complementary DNA strands

A

Helicase

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38
Q

– the “V” or “Y” shaped structure resulting from the unwinding of the helicase.

A
  • Replicating fork
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39
Q

keeps the two strands away from each other after the helicase unwinds it.

A

SSB

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40
Q

releases the tensions produced by supercoiling.

A
  • Topoisomerases
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41
Q

o Relaxes the “backbone”

A
  • Topoisomerases
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42
Q

– provides structural support for DNA and RNA

A

o Sugar-phosphate backbone

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43
Q

– takes place and signals DNA polymerase to start building

A

o Primase

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44
Q

forms complex with proteins called __________ which can recognize specific site for synthesis of RNA primer.

A

primosome

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45
Q
  • DNA polymerase III initiates the creation of new DNA strand by adding deoxyribonucleotide to the 3’ end of the RNA primer.
A

ELONGATION

46
Q

o DNA polymerase works in a _________direction, because it can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end.

A

5’ to 3’

47
Q
  • Only in 5’ 3’ direction which becomes the __________
A

leading strand

48
Q

o The DNA chain which runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction is copied by polymerase III as a ________________, requiring one primers.

A

continuous strand

49
Q

o Runs in the 5’ to 3’ prime direction
o Copied by polymerase III in a discontinuous manner because creation can only proceed in the 5’ to 3’ manner.
o Requires numerous RNA primers

A

Lagging Strand

50
Q
  • Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication
A

OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

51
Q

– an enzyme that connects two okazaki fragments into one continuous strand.

52
Q

– discovered (1930-1975)

A
  • Reiji Okazaki
53
Q

– a specific protein that binds the sequences and prevents the helicase from unwinding the DNA

A
  • Ter binding protein
54
Q
  • DNA is copied by DNA polymerase with high accuracy
A

PROOFREADING

55
Q

o Widely used as antibiotics for treating urinary tract infections & other infections.

A

Prokaryotic topoisomere

56
Q

o Widely used as anticancer drugs

A
  • Human topoisomerase
57
Q
  • The process of creating mRNA from DNA is called ____________
A

transcription.

58
Q

During ___________, a specific segment of DNA is “read,” and a complementary mRNA molecule is synthesized.

A

transcription

59
Q

is synthesis of single stranded RNA from a double stranded DNA template. It produces messenger RNA (mRNA).

A
  • Transcription
60
Q

A molecule that carries the code (sequence of nucleotide bases) that corresponds to a specific protein.

61
Q

is the 1st stage of protein biosynthesis from RNA. In this process formation of polypeptide by using mRNA as template. It occurs in ribosomes.

A

Translation

62
Q

is the first step leading to gene expression

A
  • Transcription
63
Q

HETEROCHROMATIN structures

A

Condensed structure
Transcriptionally inactive:
Rich in Repetitive Sequences:

64
Q

It appears as dark, dense regions when stained for microscopic observation

A

Condensed structure

65
Q

genes within heterochromatin regions are typically not being actively transcribed or expressed. It contains genes that are permanently turned off or silenced

A

Transcriptionally inactive

66
Q

EUCHROMATIN

A

Relaxed structure:
Transcriptionally active
Gene-Rich:
Dynamic state

67
Q

euchromatin is less condensed and appears as lighter, less dense regions when stained for microscopic observation

A
  • Relaxed structure:
68
Q

euchromatin is generally__________________ containing genes that are actively transcribed and expressed to perform various cellular functions

A

transcriptionally active

69
Q

euchromatin is rich in protein-coding genes, regulatory elements, and other sequences involved in gene expression and regulation

A
  • Gene-Rich:
70
Q

euchromatin can change its state depending on the cell’s needs. Genes in euchromatin can be turned on or off in response to environmental cues, developmental stages, and other factors

A
  • Dynamic state:
71
Q

binds to specific DNA region and initiate transcription called as promoter site

A
  • RNA polymerase
72
Q

is the enzyme responsible for transcription. It has 5 subunits: - 2αsubunit, βsubunit, β’subunit, ω subunit.

A
  • RNA polymerase
73
Q

INITIATION

A

RNA polymerase

74
Q
  • RNA polymerase moves along DNA template and sequentially synthesizes the RNA chain
A

ELONGATION

75
Q
  • Transcription stops when RNA polymerase reaches a section of DNA called the
A

terminator

76
Q
  • Terminator sequence=
77
Q
  • The original transcript from the DNA is called as
A

pre-m RNA.

78
Q
  • It contains transcript of both intron and exons
A

RNA Processing

79
Q

it is non-coding sections of nucleic acid found between coding regions

80
Q

coding regions of nucleic acids

81
Q
  • The introns are removed by a process called __________to produce messenger RNA (mRNA)
82
Q

is a process in which the formation of polypeptide (PROTEIN) by decoding mRNA produces in transcription

A
  • Translation
83
Q
  • 4 PHASES in translation
A

INITIATION
ELONGATION
TRANSLOCATION
TERMINATION

84
Q
  • This stage of translation brings together mRNA, tRNA bearing the 1st amino acid of the polypeptide, and 2 subunits of a ribosomes
A

initiation

85
Q
  • The tRNA has a amino acid linked to its term as
A

charged tRNA

86
Q
  • In this amino acid are added one by one to the first amino acid called as
A

amino acid delivery

87
Q
  • The tRNA with the polypeptide chain in the A site is translocated to the P-site, tRNA at the P site moves to the E site and leaves ribosome
A
  1. TRANSLOCATION
88
Q
  • Protein factors called release factors interact with the stop codons and cause release of the completed polypeptide chain
A

TERMINATION

89
Q
  • Stop codon:
A

UAA, UAG, UGA

90
Q

Start codon:

91
Q
  • Start anticodon:
92
Q

TRANSLATION in Eukaryotes

A

INITIATION
ELONGATION
TERMINATION

93
Q

Ala-A

94
Q

arg-R

95
Q

asn-N

A

asparagine

96
Q

asp-D

A

aspartic acid

97
Q

cys-C

98
Q

glu-E

A

glutamic acid

99
Q

gln-Q

100
Q

his-H

101
Q

ile-I

A

isoleucine

102
Q

leu-L

103
Q

lys-K

104
Q

met-M

A

methionine

105
Q

phe-F

A

phenylalanine

106
Q

pro-P

107
Q

ser-S

108
Q

thr-T

109
Q

trp-W

A

tryptophan

110
Q

tyr-Y

111
Q

val-V

112
Q

non-essential amino acid

A

alanine
arginine
aspartic acid
cysteine
glutamic acid
glutamine
glycine
proline
serine
tyrosine
asparagine

113
Q

essential amino acid

A

histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
tryptophan
valine

CYTOGENETICS (3 decks)

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