CYTOCHEMICAL TESTING Flashcards
- This year started the morphologic classification of leukemia subtypes upon the discovery of a rod-shaped inclusion in the cytoplasm of ‘large lymphocytes’
- morphologic subclassification on romanowsky stained bone marrow smears
1905
microscopic study and identification of chemical constituents within individual cells
cytochemistry
catalyzes the oxidation of substances by hydrogen peroxide
peroxidase
- marker for primary granulocytic granules, and to some extent, monocytes
- determination for the presence of granulocytic lineage
- demonstration of auer rods
myeloperoxidase
leukocyte that do not exhibit mpo activity
lymphocyte
diaminobenzidine method
- result interpretation (+)
- cells positive for mpo
- dark brown granules in cytoplasm
- granulocyte, monocyte
it is unique from other granulocyte peroxidase because it is resistant to cyanide
eosinophil peroxidase
isoenzymes and positive cells of napthol as-d chloroacetate
1,2,7,8,9
(+): mast cell, neutrophil
cyanide-resistant peroxidase
- result interpretation (+)
- cells positive
- dark brown granules in cytoplasm
- eosinophils
isoenzymes and positive and focal cells of alpha napthyl acetate
3,4,5,6
(+): monocyte, megakaryocyte
focal cells: plasma cells, lymphocyte
differentiate leukemias that are granulocytic from monocytic forms
esterase
- marker for mature and immature mast cells
- useful in demonstrating myeloid elements in paraffin-embedded sections
naphthyl as-d chloroacetate
isoenzymes and positive and focal cells of alpha napthyl butyrate
2,4
(+): monocyte, megakaryocyte
focal cells: plasma cells, lymphocyte
alpha-napthyl acetate
- result and interpretation
- cells positive
- red brown stain
- monocytes, histiocytes
- identifies isoenzyme 2,4
- monocytes, megakaryocytes, and lymphocytes may stain positive
- differentiation of acute myelomonocytic, acute monocytic, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemias from other acute non-lymphocytic leukemias
alpha-naphthyl butyrate
napthyl as-d chloroacetate
- result and interpretation
- cells positive
- bright red granules
- mast cells, neutrophils, neutrophil precursors
-identifies isoenzyme 3,4,5,6
strong activity in monocytes that can be inhibited by sodium flouride
alpha-naphthyl acetate
determination of the ratio of monocytic and neutrophilic components
combined alpha naphthyl butyrate-chloroacetate esterase
alpha-napthyl butyrate
- result and interpretation
- cells positive
- dark red precipitate
- monocyte, histiocytes
combined alpha naphthyl butyrate-chloroacetate esterase
- result and interpretation
- cells positive
dark red precipitate: monocyte and histiocytes
blue granules: neutrophils and their precursors
unique acp found in hairy leukemia that exhibit resistance to l-tartaric acid
trap
enzymes that are capable of hydrolyzing monophosphate esters at an acid or alkaline pH
phosphatase
this stain is observed in the blasts in majority of acute t-lymphoblastic leukemia
focal acid phosphatase stain
what is the meaning of trap
tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
trap
- result and interpretation
- cells positive
- discrete purplish to red granules
- hairy cells
acid phosphatase
- result and interpretation
- cells positive
- discrete purplish to dark red granules
- blasts of t cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and blasts of non-t-cell acute leukemia
- leukocyte count >50,000 and a left shift representing an increase in early neutrophils in the peripheral blood
- leukemia like; arising from conditions such as infection and inflammation
leukemoid reaction
- aka neutrophil alkaline phosphatase
- differentiation of chronic granulocytic leukemia vs. leukemoid reaction
alkaline phosphatase
