Cybercrime

Question 1

What policing is responding to anxieties, and how (2)?

Answer 1

Reassurance policing, by:

1. real responses to experienced crimes
2. range of public and 3rd party measures: risk reduction

Question 2

How are most e-crimes investigated?

Answer 2

Proactively

Question 3

According to ACPO, what are the characteristics of harm? (5)

Answer 3

1. significant profit/ loss
2. impact on community safety
3. violence
4. corruption
5. control

Question 4

What is the main tool the police use? Define.

Answer 4

Disruption: when a crime network is unable to operate at it’s usual level of activity for a significant period of time

Question 5

What are the problems with disruption? (2)

Answer 5

1. How can we tell if it is effectively disrupted a network?

2. How can we test claims, hold police accountable?

Question 6

What is the central e-crime unit (CEU)?
Who is it funded by?
What is it’s mission?

Answer 6

National investigatory response to most serious incidents
Jointly funded by the Home Office and Met police
Mission: increase public confidence and reduce harm through collaboration to improve capabilities.

Question 7

What incidents is the CEU responsible for? (4)

What is it not responsible for and who is?

Answer 7

1. computer intrusion
2. distribution of malicious code
3. denial of service attack
4. internet-enabled fraud
   Not responsible for illicit images of children (CEOPs division of NCA)

Question 8

What are the major UK concerns? (4)

Answer 8

1. Fraud
2. Identity theft
3. Indecent images
4. National security

Question 9

How is it being ‘responsibilised’? (4)

Answer 9

1. Parents: censorship control on computers
2. Cybercrime conventions
3. ISPs
4. Pressure groups

Question 10

Name non-police initiatives?

And police initiatives

Answer 10

Non-police: WARP, CPNI, CISP, Get Safe Online

Police: NCA, Action Fraud, ACPO e-crime conference, Eur/Interpol, UK Cyber Security Strategy

Question 11

What has the e-crime partnership mapping study found? (3)

Answer 11

1. Perceptions and measures of e-crime prevalence largely symmetrical
2. Gaps in cooperation between sectors
3. Third sector and local government on periphery

Question 12

According to Lessig, what is the most effective way of regulating?

Answer 12

Technology

Question 13

Name 4 ways technology acts as a regulator

Answer 13

1. Tri-modal regulation
2. Proximal vs Distal Regulation
3. Internet Holy Trinity (Boyle, 97)
4. Digital Realism

Question 14

What are the 3 components of Tri-modal regulation?

Answer 14

1. Law (retrospective)
2. Market (retrospective)
3. Technological (proactive)

Question 15

What are both proximal and distal regulation?

Answer 15

Proximal: Close up regulation (online community regulators, ISP, virtual police)
Distal: Far away (law, market regulations)

Question 16

What does the ‘internet holy trinity’ involve? (3)

Answer 16

1. Technology as the medium
2. Geographical distribution of users
3. Nature of content

Question 17

Describe Lessig’s ‘digital realism’ and what are the components? (6)

Answer 17

Technology is the most effective way of regulating.
Components:
1. Malleable
2. Non-contentious
3. Preventative
4. Pervasive
5. Adaptive
6. Disrupts human action

Question 18

What are the problems for the police? (4)

Answer 18

1. Authorities will always be ‘behind the curve’ (Lessig)
2. High public anxiety
3. Little systematic info. about what people want from preventative/ CJ sectors
4. Placing obligations on ISPs may have -ve impact on supply