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A And P Test 2 > Cvs1 - Part 2 > Flashcards

Cvs1 - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most dangerous location in the heart for a clot to block that can lead to a sudden loss of consciousness and eventually death?

A

The pulmonary artery / trunk

R / l pulmonary

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2
Q

If this locatin is blocked by a clot/etc. it can result in death.

A

The Pulmonary artery/trunk R/L Pulmonary.

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3
Q

A clot in the pulmonary artery / trunk is called

A

Saddle embolism

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4
Q

In DVT (deep vein thrombosis) the Patient will present with

A

claudication (pain in the lower limbs).

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5
Q

Usually is an aftermath of DVT (Deep vein Thrombosis)

A

Saddle embolism

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6
Q

Turners syndrome

A

Congenital heart defect

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7
Q

Other clinical features of turners syndrome

A

a “Webbed neck” and absence of Ovaries.

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8
Q

Following a drop of blood

A

o Superior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Semilunar Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Right/Left Pulmonary Arteries →Right/Left Lungs (oxygenation occurs) → Right/Left Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Bicuspid/Mitral Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Semilunar Valve → Aorta → Branches of the Aorta →Tissues of the body get perfused with oxygenated blood

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9
Q

• Where is the pericardial cavity located?

A

Between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium

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10
Q

What is present in the pericardial cavity?

A

Pericardial fluid (serous fluid),

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11
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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12
Q

1 in 500 births have

A

Heart defect

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13
Q

Epicardium is in fact the

A

Visceral pericardium

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14
Q

Most vascular layer of the heart

A

Visceral pericardium / epicardium

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15
Q

• The least vascular layer of the heart is the

A

Endocardium

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16
Q

• Infarction results when

A

a tissue dies because of cessation of its blood supply.

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17
Q

What is the most common infarction of the heart

A

Sub endocardial infarction

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18
Q

Why is Sub endocardial infarction the most common

A

because it receives the least amount of blood supply and gets effected most in case of a blockage of the Coronary arteries and their branches)

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19
Q

What is the type of Infarction in which all three layers of the heart are effected/die/get infarcted?

A

Transmural infarction

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20
Q

Painless Transmural infarction is observed in:

A

Diabetics

Elderly

Patients on beta blockers

Substance abusers

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21
Q

Dressler’s syndrome

A

•secondary form of pericarditis

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22
Q

Most common reason for compression of the Superior Vena Cava?

A

Pregnancy

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23
Q

Compression of the Superior Vena Cava

what are the side effects

A

very serious condition. Due to back pressure there is swelling of the veins of the neck.

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24
Q

• If the diameter of the heart is less than 50% of the transverse diameter of the rib cage, then the heart size is?

A

Normal

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25
Q

If the diameter of the the heart is more than 50% of the diameter of the rib cage

A

It is enlarged

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26
Q

• is the most common cause of heart enlargement

A

(Persistent/untreated) high blood pressure

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27
Q

What chamber of the heart forms the right border of the heart?

A

Right Atrium

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28
Q

Number one cause of Tricuspid Valve Disease?

A

Intravenous drug use ( main liners )

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29
Q

• Branches of the Arch of the Aorta

A

Brachiocephalic artery

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

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30
Q

What is the condition in which the Pulmonary artery is located at the LEFT ventricle instead of the RIGHT ventricle, and the Aorta is located at the RIGHT ventricle instead of the LEFT ventricle?

A

Transportation of the great vessels

31
Q

Transportation of the great vessels is most commonly caused by

A

preexisting diabetes mellitus of an expectant mother)

32
Q

In order to keep a patient alive with transportation of the great vessels

A

the Ductus Arteriosus must remain/kept OPEN

33
Q

What is the medication that will allow the Ductus Arteriosus to remain open?

A

Prostaglandin E

34
Q

What medications will/aid the CLOSURE of the Ductus Arteriosus

A

Advil or aspirin

35
Q

• Atrioventricular valves – tricuspid/Bicuspid have:

Explain structure

A

o Chordae tendinae extending out of them which are attached to the
o Papillary muscles
o Cusps/leaflets/Cuspids

36
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid

Bicuspid

37
Q

Semilunar valve

Defining characteristics

A

Do not have any Chordae tendinae & do not have any papillary muscles. They only have cusps/leaflets/cuspids

38
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

Muscles that form the irregular portion of the ventricular surfaces of the heart

39
Q

Trabaculae carnae prevent what?

A

prevent the suction effect and hence help in preventing the blood to adhere to the surface of the wall of the ventricles

40
Q

Trabeculae carnae overall prevents

A

prevents clotting of the blood in the heart.

41
Q

After a myocardial infarction this mechanism is compromised as a portion of the wall of the heart dies and becomes hypokinetic.

A

Trabecular carnae

42
Q

What happens If a patients has a portion of their heart that dies

How can death be prevented?

A

This predisposes the patient to develop clots in the heart.

To prevent this the patient is placed on Anti-coagulants for the rest of their life.

43
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

irregular portion of the Atria surfaces of the heart

44
Q

Pectinate muscles prevent

A

prevents the suction effect (similar to the Trabeculae Carnae)

45
Q

The valve’s job (irrespective of its location) is to

A

• allow the blood to flow in one direction only. The valve prevents the blood to flow in a retrograde direction.

46
Q

• Veins are the ONLY vessels that have

A

Valves

47
Q

What happens in bypass surgery when a vein is used to replace an artery?

A

Due to exposure to high pressure dynamics, the valves in the vein will degenerate and eventually will cease to exist, transforming the vein into the artery

48
Q

• Aortic Semilunar Valve lies between

A

the Left Ventricle and the Aorta

49
Q

• There are TWO Coronary Arteries that supply blood to our heart:

A

The RIGHT and LEFT Coronary Arteries

50
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the Cardiac muscle (Ventricles)

51
Q

blood is pumped out of the ascending Aorta every ?

And forms a?

A

.8 seconds

Bolus

52
Q

Stroke volume is?

A

70ml

53
Q

Stroke volume blocks

A

It blocks the ostium of the Coronary arteries (due to their unique architectural location) and the cardiac tissue does not receive blood during systole.

54
Q

Diastole

A

• Diastole – Relaxation of the Cardiac muscle (Ventricles):

55
Q

Blood present in the Arch of the Aorta attempts to return to the heart via the

A

Ascending aorta

56
Q

Blood trying to return to the heart via the ascending aorta is blocked by

A

is denied entry via the closed semilunar valves,

57
Q

Since the blood is blocked by the semilunar valves it goes where?

A

naturally flows into the Coronary arteries.

58
Q

Does the heart receives blood during Diastole.

A

Yes

59
Q

Atrioventricular groove/sulcus

A

Shallow trench like surface feature of the heart

60
Q

Atrioventricular groove/sulcus marks?

A

marks the junction between the Atria and the Ventricles.

61
Q

The Right and the Left Coronary arteires are found in the

A

Atrioventricular groove/sulcus

62
Q

• The left coronary artery has TWO branches:

A

Circumflex artery

Left anterior descending artery

63
Q

o Circumflex Artery location?

A

(descends alongside the left border of the heart)

64
Q

Left Anterior Descending Artery location?

A

(found in the anterior interventricular sulcus

65
Q

• What Artery is also called the “Widow Maker”?

A

Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery

66
Q

• There are TWO branches of the Right Coronary Artery:

A

Acute marginal artery

Posterior descending artery

67
Q

o Acute Marginal Artery location?

A

(descends along the right border of the heart)

68
Q

o Posterior Descending Artery location

A

found in the Posterior Interventricular sulcus/groove)

69
Q

• Coronary circulation dominance –

A

the artery that supplies the Posterior Descending Artery determines the coronary dominance

70
Q

Collateral circulation

A

networking circulation (i.e. Circle of Willis)

71
Q

• Geriatric patients will have a better chance of survival in cases of heart attacks due to

A

the natural presence of Collateral Circulation

72
Q

Turners syndrome provides a increased incidence of?

A

“Coarctation of the Aorta”

73
Q

Purpose of pericardial fluid

A

lubricates the parietal layer and the visceral layer.

74
Q

Dressler’s syndrome occurs when?

A

injury to the heart or the pericardium

A And P Test 2 (4 decks)

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