Cvs 2 - Part 2

Question 1

The antidote to Digoxin is

Answer 1

Anti-Fab Antibodies

Question 2

• What neurotransmitter is secreted by the post-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nerves that innervate the heart?

Answer 2

Norepinephrine

Question 3

What neurotransmitter is secreted by the post-ganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nerves (Vagus nerve) that innervate the heart?

Answer 3

Acetylcholine

Question 4

What is the antidote of acetylcholine?

Answer 4

Atropine; deriving from the Atropa Belladonna plant

Question 5

• Atropine is used in every case where the patient is

Answer 5

dying (in an attempt to revive the heart)

Question 6

What is the alternate source (reservoir location) of Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) in the human body?

Answer 6

Adrenal Medulla

Question 7

• In emergency situations where there is a sympathetic response, what happens

Answer 7

adrenal medulla releases the catecholamines in the bloodstream

Question 8

• Acetylcholine – effect on the body

Answer 8

decreases the heart rate, decreases the contraction of the heart muscles, and can lead to cardiac arrest

Question 9

• The Conducting System: the pacemaker of the heart is?

How many impulses per minute

Answer 9

SA (Sinoatrial)Node (Pacemaker of the heart) generates impulses about 75 times per minute

Question 10

• The wave of excitation develops at the

Describe its pathway

Answer 10

SA Node in the Right Atria and travels the Intermodal pathway to the AV Node; it stops at the AV Node for 0.1 seconds, allowing BOTH of the Atria to depolarize together and contract simultaneously.

Question 11

• From the AV Node extends the AV Bundle from where the conducting system divides into 2 branches: the Right Bundle Branch and the Left Bundle Branch. Sprouting throughout from the Bundle Branches are the Purkinje Fibers that innervate individual ventricular muscle fibers.

Answer 11

K

Question 12

• ECG – begins with a P Wave, which measures the depolarization of the Atria prior to their contraction. After the P Wave there is a Q wave, which dives below to measure the depolarization to the cardiac apex. The complete Q, R, S complex measures the depolarization of the ventricles immediately prior to their contraction. Following this is the T Wave, which represents the repolarization of the ventricles.

Answer 12

K

Question 13

• Beginning of the P Wave –

Answer 13

Depolarization of the SA node (Pacemaker of the heart)

Question 14

• P Wave –

Answer 14

Depolarization of the Atria just prior to their contraction.

Question 15

• Beginning of the Q wave –

Answer 15

the wave of depolarization has effectively reached the cardiac apex.

Question 16

• Q, R, S Complex –

Answer 16

Depolarization of the Ventricles just prior to their contraction.

Question 17

• T Wave –

Answer 17

complete repolarization of the ventricles

Question 18

What event creates heart sounds?

Answer 18

Closure of the valves of the heart

Question 19

• S1 – first heart sound created by the

Answer 19

closure of the AV valves

Question 20

• S2 – second heart sound created by the

Answer 20

closure of the Semilunar valves

Question 21

• Systole –

Answer 21

contraction of the cardiac muscle;

Question 22

• Diastole –

Answer 22

relaxation of the cardiac muscle;

Question 23

blood pressure created because of Diastole is called

Answer 23

Diastolic Blood Pressure;

Question 24

• As blood comes into the Right and Left Atrium, it naturally fills the ventricles. 70-80% of ventricular filling is directly due to .

Answer 24

gravity

Question 25

• Atrial contraction only contributes 20-30% of ventricular filling

Answer 25

K

Question 26

The volume of blood present in the ventricles at the end of Atrial contraction is

How much in ml?

Answer 26

termed “End Diastolic Volume or Preload”. It is approximately 135 ml.

Question 27

• In heart failure, the primary objective is to reduce the load on the heart. By doing what?

Answer 27

Reducing the Preload by restricting the intake of fluids does this. If patient fails to respond by fluid restriction, diuretics are advised to increase the increase the urinary output.

Question 28

• Concomitantly in Heart failure, an attempt is made to reduce

Answer 28

the Afterload (Diastolic blood pressure). Medications will be given to reduce the blood pressure (beta-blockers, etc.), to reduce the Afterload.

Question 29

• What principle applies to the contraction of the cardiac muscle?

Answer 29

Frank Starling’s Principle

Question 30

• Frank Starling’s Principle states that:

Answer 30

Within physiologic limits, the more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the more strongly it will contract.

Question 31

First heart sound is heard during what phase

Answer 31

Isovolumetric contraction phase

Question 32

• During Isovolumetric Contraction phase the heart is working against the

Answer 32

diastolic blood pressure present in the Aorta and the Pulmonary Artery.

Question 33

• The “Diastolic blood pressure” is also called the

Answer 33

“Afterload”.

Question 34

• Stroke volume is

Answer 34

70 ml

Question 35

Stroke volume is the amount of blood

Answer 35

ejected out of the ventricles at the end of the Isovolumetric phase and happens during the “Ventricular Ejection Phase”.

Question 36

• End Systolic Volume –

Answer 36

the amount of blood remaining in the ventricles after the ventricular ejection phase; it is 65 ml.

Question 37

• EDV (135 ml) – SV (70 ml) = ESV (65 ml)

Answer 37

K

Question 38

Second heart sound is heard during what phase

Answer 38

Isovolumetric Relaxation Phase

Question 39

• Cardiac output (CO) measures

Answer 39

the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart every single minute

Question 40

• Stroke Volume * Heart Rate =

Answer 40

Cardiac Output

Question 41

• Thyroid storm –

Answer 41

Look it up

Question 42

Chronotropy

Answer 42

Heart rate

Question 43

• Positive Chronotrope will _______the heart rate;

Answer 43

Increase

Question 44

Inotropy –

Answer 44

Contractility of the heart

Question 45

Positive Inotropy _______ the strength of contractility;

Answer 45

increases

Question 46

• Congestive Heart Failure –

Answer 46

congestion is seen throughout the rest of the body due to the hearts failure to collect the blood and pump it effectively.

Question 47

• The most common congenital heart disease that effects 1 in 500 births?

Answer 47

Ventricular Septal defect

Question 48

Digoxin

Answer 48

Medication extracted from the foxglove plant used for the treatment of heart conditions

Question 49

blood pressure created because of Systole is called

Answer 49

Systolic Blood Pressure

Question 50

Negative Chronotrope will ______ the heart rate

Answer 50

decrease

Question 51

Negative ________ the strength of contractility

Answer 51

decreases