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CVS block > CVS physiology 2 > Flashcards

CVS physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is there a second dip in the QRS complex?

A

The upper part of the interventricular septum depolarises.

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2
Q

Why is the T wave positive?

A

As the wave of repolarisation is moving away from the left leg.

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3
Q

What is the comparison of size of the QRS complex for SLL I, SLL II and SLL III.

A

SLL II is biggest

SLL I is smallest

SLL III is in-between

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4
Q

What does the rhythm strip allow you to work out?

A

Heart rate

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5
Q

What is STEMI?

A

ST elevation myocardial infarction

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6
Q

What can be used to classify severity of MI on ECG?

A

STEMI or NSTEMI

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7
Q

What is the difference in end diastolic volume and end systolic volume equal to?

A

Stroke volume

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8
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

Stroke volume / End diastolic volume

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9
Q

What is normal ejection fraction?

A

55-70%

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10
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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11
Q

What is the isometric contraction phase during cardiac cycle?

A

Increase in ventricular pressure, caused by contraction whilst valves are closed

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12
Q

What is the rapid ejection phase in the cardiac cycle?

A

Mass movement of blood out of the ventricle caused by the opening of the aortic valve.

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13
Q

What is the rapid filling phase in the cardiac cycle?

A

Mass movement of blood into the ventricle caused by opening of mitral valve.

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14
Q

What causes the dicrotic notch in the atrial pressure curve?

A

Closure of the aortic valve

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15
Q

What causes the wave in the atrial pressure curve?

A

Atrial contraction

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16
Q

What causes the C wave in the atrial pressure curve?

A

Inward bulge of mitral valve caused by ventricular contraction

17
Q

What causes the v wave in the atrial pressure curve?

A

Filling of atrium whilst mitral valve is closed

18
Q

What causes the “lub” sound of the heart?

A

Closing of mitral and tricuspid valves

19
Q

What causes the “dub” sound of the heart?

A

Closing of aortic and pulmonary valves

20
Q

What are the 3 types of murmur?

A

Systolic, diastolic, continuous

21
Q

What impact does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A
  • Release of noradrenaline acts on beta 1 receptors on the sinoatrial node
  • Leading to an increase in the slope of the pacemaker potential
  • Increasing heart rate
22
Q

What impact does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A
  • Vagus nerve release ACh which acts on muscarinic receptors on sinoatrial node
  • Then hyperpolarises cells and decreases slope of pacemaker potential - decreasing heart rate.
23
Q

What does starlings law state?

A

The energy of contraction is proportion to the preload on the heart.

24
Q

What is preload determined by?

A

End diastolic volume

25
Q

What impact does increased total peripheral resistance have on stroke volume and why?

A

Decreases stroke volume

Because aortic pressure will increase, meaning the ventricle will have to work harder to open aortic valve leaving less energy to eject the blood

26
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on stroke volume?

A

Noradrenaline is released and acts on beta 1 receptors on myocytes, increasing contractility (stronger and shorter contraction)

27
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on stroke volume?

A

Little effect

28
Q

What are the 3 main factors that effect stroke volume?

A

Preload

Contractility

Afterload

29
Q

What is heart rate x stroke volume equal to?

A

Cardiac output

30
Q

What fraction of the cardiac cycle is systole?

A

1/3

31
Q

What fraction of the cardiac cycle is diastole?

A

2/3

32
Q

What factors can increase cardiac output?

A

HR increase

Contractility increase

Venous return increase

Total peripheral resistance increase

CVS block (17 decks)

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