CVS L15-L19 Flashcards
Causes of heart failure? L17
Coronary artery disease MI Ischaemia Hypertension Cardiomyopathy Valvular and congenital heart disease Arrhythmias Alcohol and drugs High output failure Pericardial disease Primary right heart failure
Symptoms of heart failure? L17
Orthopnoea Ankle/leg swelling Palpitations Cough Tiredness
Clinical features of heart failure? L17
Tachycardic Tachypnoeic Sweaty Pale Ankle oedema Raised JVP 3rd and 4th heart sounds Crepitations on chest Hepatomegaly ascites
Investigations for heart failure? L17
ECG
CXR
Pulse oximetry
EKG
Heart failure treatment? L17
Drugs: beta-blockers, ACEi’s, spironalactone, diuretics
Invasive: pacemaker therapy, LVAD, BIVAD, heart transplant
Example of ACE inhibitor? L19
Lisinopril
How do ACE inhibitors work? L19
Blocks the release of angiotensin II therefore decreasing TPR and CO
Side effect of ACE inhibitors? L19
Dry cough
Example of angiotensin receptor (AT1) antagonist? L19
Losortan
How do AT1 receptor antagonists work? L19
By blocking angiotensin II, there is decreased ADH release, vasodilation and decreased release of aldosterone; all reducing BP
Example of calcium channel blocker? L19
Amlodopine
Verapamil
How do CCBs work? L19
Block calcium channels causing vasodilation, reducing contractility, slowing HR, reduce aldosterone release
Side effects of CCBs? L19
Bradycardia
Dizziness
Oedema
Constipation
Examples of diuretics? L19
Furosemide (loop diuretic)
Hydrochlorothiazide (thiazide)
Mannitol (osmotic diuretic)
Spironolactone (K+ sparing diuretic)
Example of alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist? L19
Doxazosin
Prazosin
