CVS Imaging And Anatomy

Question 1

What methods of radiography are good for looking at the heart?

Answer 1

MRI is very good

CT is good with contrast

Question 2

What are the three layers of arteries and veins?

Answer 2

Tunica interna (endothelium)

Tunica media (smooth muscle and elastic fibres)

Tunica externa or adventitia (connective tissue)

Question 3

How is blood moved through veins?

Answer 3

Many located in muscle so when muscle contracts blood is forced through veins

Inhalation also creates negative thoracic pressure which draws venous blood up

Question 4

What is a dicrotic notch?

Answer 4

Where blood pressure in the aorta is slightly increased due to the closing of the aortic valve

Question 5

What are the first vessels to come off the aorta?

Answer 5

The right and left coronary arteries

Question 6

Why is the aorta very elastic?

Answer 6

Allows it to expand and contact which means it can accommodate the stroke volume without affecting blood pressure too much and this helps with smooth flow

Question 7

What is the problem with stiffening of the arteries?

Answer 7

Caused by smoking an old age it prevents the artery from being elastic and being able to accommodate the stroke volume without having a huge impact on blood pressure

Question 8

What is cardiac output?

Answer 8

CO= stroke volume X heart rate

Question 9

Cardiac output at rest?

Answer 9

5L/min for a 70kg man

Question 10

What is average heart rate and stroke volume?

Answer 10

HR= 60-90

Stroke volume= 55-83 ml per beat

Question 11

Effect of exercise and elite athletes and Cardiac output?

Answer 11

20-35L per minute

HR 150-200

SV up to 200ml per beat

Question 12

What are the layers of the heart wall?

Answer 12

Epicardium on outside which is a serous membrane providing a smooth outer surface. Layer of adipose tissue also where coronary arteries found .

Myocardium- this is the thickest layer consisting of cardiac muscle

Endocardium- smooth inner surface of the heart chambers

Trabeculae carnae- muscular ridge and columns on inside walls of ventricles

Question 13

What is heart failure?

Answer 13

Where heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the demands of the body. Blood from pulmonary vein backs up and leads to fluid in the lungs and breathlessness.

Question 14

What happens to dead heart muscle?

Answer 14

Cartilaginous scar tissue is laid down in its place

Question 15

What are the two semilunar valves?

Answer 15

Aortic and pulmonary

Question 16

What are the names of the valves in the heart?

Answer 16

Tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)

Question 17

Which valves are open during diastole?

Answer 17

The bicuspid and tricuspid which allow the ventricles to fill with blood

Question 18

What is tranoesophageal echocardiography?

Answer 18

Swallow a probe and can take pics of heart from oesophagus. Ultrasound

Question 19

What are the three main coronary arteries?

Answer 19

The right coronary and the left coronary which breaks into the circumflex artery and the left anterior descending artery

Question 20

What does the coronary sinus do?

Answer 20

Returns blood from the cardiac veins to the inferior vena cava

Question 21

What is angiography?

Answer 21

Medical imaging used to see blood vessels