CVS-Heart Flashcards
What are the four walls of the heart?
Septal
Anterior
Lateral
Inferior
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Left and Right Atria
Left and Right Ventricle
What are the 3 surfaces of the heart?
Sternocostal surface: Anterior (RV)
Diaphragmatic surface: Inferior (LV and RV)
Pulmonary Surface: Facing on the left (LV)
What ecg leads supply to the anterior wall?
V3 to V4
What ecg leads supply to the inferior wall?
II, III, aVF
What ecg leads supply to the lateral wall?
V5, V6, I, aVL
What ecg leads supply to the septal wall?
V1, V2
______ receives venous blood from SVC and IVC
Right Atrium
Right atrium receives _____ blood from ____ and ____
Right atrium receives venous blood from SVC and IVC
Blood runs from _____ into the pulmonary trunk
Right Ventricle
______ receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins
Left Atrium
Left Atrium receives ____ blood from the lungs via ______
Left Atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary vein
_____ pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta
Left Ventricle
Left Ventricle pumps ____ blood into the ____
Left Ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta
(Random Qn) What is the term used to describe the period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next heartbeat?
Cardiac Cycle
The cardiac cycle consists of ____ and ____
Systole and Diastole
Systole represents ventricular _____ while diastole represents ventricular _____
Systole represents ventricular contraction while diastole represents ventricular relaxation
Heart sounds
Lubb: ____ valve close at the ___ of ventricular ____
Dubb: ____ valve close at the _____ of ventricular _____
Lubb: AV valve closes at the start of ventricular systole
Dubb: Semilunar valve closes at the beginning of ventricular diastole
Which 2 valves make up the atrioventricular valves?
Bicuspid (Mitral) and Tricuspid
Which 2 valves make up the semilunar valves?
Pulmonary and Aortic
What is the boundary of the smooth and rough parts of the Right Atrium?
Crista Terminalis
Where can the SA node be found in the Right Atrium?
Near the upper end of the Crista Terminalis
Where can AV node be found in the Right Atrium?
Above the opening of the coronary sinus
What is the condition called for incomplete closure of the foramen ovale?
Atrial Septal Defect
Blood flows from the right atrium to the ____ through the right ______ which is guarded by the ____ valve
Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the right atrioventricular orifice which is guarded by the tricuspid valve
What is one muscle that is present in the Right Atrium and is closely related to the Crista Terminalis?
Pectinate Muscle
What are 3 types of muscles present in the Right Ventricle?
Papillary
Septomarginal Trabecula (moderator band)
Trabeculae Carnae
What valves can be found in the Right Ventricle?
Tricuspid and Pulmonary
What is the function of Chordae Tendinae?
Prevents eversion of the valves into the atria
______ prevents eversion of the valves into the atria?
Chordae Tendinae
Is the left ventricular wall or the right ventricular wall thicker?
Left ventricular wall is 3 times thicker than the right
What muscle can be found in the Left Atrium?
Pectinate muscle
What valves can be found in the Left Ventricle?
Mitral and Aortic
What does the Left Coronary Artery branch out to?
Left Anterior Descending artery
Left Circumflex artery
Where does the Left Anterior Descending Artery supply to?
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
2/3rd Interventricular Septum
AV bundle
Where does the Circumflex artery supply to?
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
What does the right coronary artery branch out to?
Acute Marginal Artery
Posterior Descending Artery
Where does the Acute Marginal Artery supply to?
Right Ventricle
Where does the Right Coronary Artery supply to?
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
SA and AV node (recall that SA and AV node are found in RA)
Where does the posterior descending artery supply to?
1/3rd Interventricular septum (posterior)
Adjacent portions of ventricles
The artery that supplies the posterior descending artery (PDA) determines the _______
Coronary Dominance
If PDA is supplied by RCA, what dominance is it classified as?
Right dominant
If PDA is supplied by Lcx, what dominance is it classified as?
Left dominant
If PDA is supplied by both RCA and Lcx, what dominance is it classified as?
Co-dominant
How common are the various dominance in the population? (rank from most to least common)
Right dominant (85%)
Co-dominant (8%)
Left dominant (7%)
An end artery is defined as an artery that is the ____ supply of ____ blood to a portion of tissue.
An end artery is defined as an artery that is the only supply of oxygenated blood to a portion of tissue.
List 2 examples of end (Terminal) arteries
Splenic artery (supplies the spleen)
Renal artery (supplies the kidney)
A patient perceives noxious stimuli originating in the heart as pain arising from a superficial part of the body. What is this phenomenon called?
Cardiac referred pain
Where is cardiac pain referred?
- Visceral afferent pain fibres follow sympathetic nerves via cardiac plexus, white rami, to T1-4
- T1-T4 dermatomes, radiating down left arm
Most of the blood drains into the right atrium through the _____
Coronary sinus
Coronary Sinus
Lies in the ____ side
Opens into the ____ atrium
Posterior, Right atrium
What does the coronary sinus branch out to?
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Posterolateral cardiac vein
What are the 3 branches of the arch of the aorta? (from right to left)
Brachiocephalic trunk > Left common carotid artery > Left subclavian artery
What are the 2 branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?
Right common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery
What nerve segments does the phrenic nerve arise from?
C3 to C5
Injury to the phrenic nerve will cause paralysis of the _____.
Hemidiaphragm
Left vagus nerve gives rise to _____
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve lies lateral to the _______
Ligamentum arteriosum
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
Sympathetic innervation of the heart
- Arises from ____ and ___ thoracic portions of the sympathetic trunks
- _____ sympathetic fibers terminate on the ______ and _____ nodes, _____ fibers and _______
- Activation of these nerves results in cardiac _____, ____ force of contraction of the cardiac muscle and _____ of the coronary arteries
- Arises from cervical and upper thoracic portions of the sympathetic trunks
- Postganglionic sympathetic fibers terminate on the SA and AV nodes, cardiac muscle fibers and coronary arteries
- Activation of these nerves results in cardiac acceleration, increased force of contraction of the cardiac muscle and dilation of the coronary arteries
Parasympathetic innervation of the heart
- Arises from _____
- ______ parasympathetic fibers _____ on the SA and AV nodes and on the _____
- Activation of the parasympathetic nerves results in _____ in the rate and force of _____ of the heart and a ______ of the coronary arteries
- Arises from vagus nerves
- Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers terminates on the SA and AV nodes and on the coronary arteries
- Activation of the parasympathetic nerves results in reduction in the rate and force of contraction of the heart and a constriction of the coronary arteries
Where can the apex beat be felt?
5th Intercostal space, mid-clavicular line
Ventricular septal defect is a congenital malformation of the ______
Interventricular septum
What is the term used to describe the foraemen ovale that closes soon after birth?
Fossa Ovalis
The ________ also known as ______ (name for closure of foramen ovale) seprates the right atrium from the left atrium.
The interatrial septum also known as fossa ovalis (name for closure of foramen ovale) seprates the right atrium from the left atrium.
