CVS Anatomy: Heart and Coronary Vessels

Question 1

What are the two circulations within the cardiovascular system and where do they run to and from?

Answer 1

• Pulmonary circulation: from right ventricle to lungs to left atrium
• System circulation: from left ventricle to body to right atrium

Question 2

What two vessels bring blood from the body to the right atrium?

Answer 2

• superior vena cava: from head and neck
• inferior vena cava: abdomen and lower limbs

Question 3

What vessel takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

Answer 3

pulmonary trunk

Question 4

What vessel brings blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

Answer 4

pulmonary veins

Question 5

What vessel takes blood from the left ventricle to the body?

Answer 5

aorta

Question 6

Describe the location of the inferior mediastinum

Answer 6

• below the plane between sternal angle and vertebrae T4/T5
• above diaphragm

Question 7

How is the inferior medistinum split and what is it split into?

Answer 7

by the fibrous pericardium around the heart

• anterior mediastinum
• middle mediastinum
• posterior mediastinum

Question 8

Describe the location of the mediastinum

Answer 8

• centrally located between lungs
• anterior to vertebrae
• posterior to sternum

Question 9

What are the two layers of the pericardium and their function?

Answer 9

• fibrous pericardium
  
  • tough protective sleeve
  • prevents overdistension/enlargement
  • attached to diaphragm and sternum
• serous pericardium
  
  • parietal (outer)
  • visceral (inner)
  • layers slide over each other to allow movement during heartbeat

Question 10

What are the three layers of heart muscle?

Answer 10

inwards to outwards:

• endocardium: internal lining in contact with blood
• myocardium: muscle
• epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 11

What does the coronary sulcus divide and what runs along it?

Answer 11

the atrium and ventricles

coronary arteries runs along it

Question 12

What does the anterior intraventricular sulcus divide?

Answer 12

seperate the two ventricles of the heart

Question 13

Whats the difference between the coronary sulcus and the coronary sinus?

Answer 13

the coronary sinus is located in the posterior of the heart wherease the sulcus is located anteriorly and posteriorly

a sulcus is a groove

a sinus is a small bulge

Question 14

What vessels come out of the aorta and where do they go to?

Answer 14

Brachicephalic trunk:

• right subclavian artery: to arm
• right common carotid artery: to head and neck

left common carotid artery: to head and neck

left subclavian artery: to arm

Question 15

What veins form the superior vena cava?

Answer 15

the brachiocephalic veins

Question 16

Where do the left and right pulmonary veins come from?

Answer 16

left and right lung into atriums

Question 17

What are the branched of the right coronary artery?

Answer 17

• posterior intraventricular artery
• right marginal branch

Question 18

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 18

• anterior intraventricular branch
• circumflex branch

Question 19

What does a blockage in the coronary circulation cause?

Answer 19

no blood supply leads to:

• cardiac muscle ischaemia
• myocardial infarction (MI) and necrosis

Question 20

What is necrosis and when does it occur?

Answer 20

death of body tissue, occurs if blood supply fully blocked

Question 21

What do the cardiac veins drain into?

Answer 21

the coronary sinus

Question 22

What does the coronary sinus drain into?

Answer 22

the right atrium

Question 23

What three vessels drain into the right atrium?

Answer 23

• superior vena cava
• inferior vena cava
• coronary sinus

Question 24

What is located in the superiod part of the crista terminalis?

Answer 24

the SA node

Question 25

Where is the pectinate muscle located in relation to the aorta?

Answer 25

anteriorly

Question 26

What is the fossa ovalis?

Answer 26

• a hole in the heart
• usually only present in fetus or its the site of an atrial septal defect
• shunts blood from RA to LA bypassing the lungs

Question 27

What two things prevent reflux from the right ventricle back into the right atrium?

Answer 27

• chordae tendineae
• papillary muscle

Question 28

What do the pulmonary valve cusps do?

Answer 28

stop flow from RA to pulmonary trunk

Question 29

What does the septomarginal trabecula (moderator band) carry?

Answer 29

carries the right bundle branch of the atrioventricular bundle

Question 30

Whats the difference and similarities between right atrium and left atrium?

Answer 30

• right atrium has tricuspid valve, left atrium has mitral valve
• both have chordinae tendinae, but right atrium also has papillary muscle

Question 31

Where is the valve of the foramen valve on the left atrium?

Answer 31

on the interatrial septum

Question 32

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker myocardium?

Answer 32

increased force required to pump the blood to the whole body

Question 33

What do semilunar valves do?

How many cusps do they have?

Answer 33

control blood flow between ventricles into systemic and pulmonary circulation

three cusps each

Question 34

What are the semilunar valves called on both sides?

Answer 34

pulmonary valve on right side

aortic valve on left side

Question 35

What are the atrioventricular valves on both sides?

Answer 35

tricuspid valve on right side

bicuspid valve on left side

Question 36

How do AV valves attach to papillary muscle?

Answer 36

via chordae tendinae in the ventricle

Question 37

Where do the aortic valve cusps direct blood into?

Answer 37

into left and right aortic sinus and into coronary circulation

Question 38

What are the 5 parts of the cardiac conduction system?

Answer 38

1. SA node
2. across the atrial cardiac muscle wall
3. AV node
4. left and right atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His)
5. Purkinje fibres

ventricles contract from apex towards the semilunar valves

Question 39

What is the intrinsic SA node rate?

Answer 39

100bpm

Question 40

What is the cardiac plexus?

Answer 40

Nerves situated at the base of the heart

Question 41

Describe the parasympathetic and sympathetic inputs of the cardiac plexus

Answer 41

Parasympathetic

• vagus nerve
  
  • decreases heart rate and force (60bpm)

Sympathetic

• sympathetic trunk
  
  • increases heart rate and force