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HDT 2.2 COPY > Blood Pressure and Vascular Resistance > Flashcards

Blood Pressure and Vascular Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

where is elastin mainly found in

A

arteries

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2
Q

where is collagen mainly found?

A

large arteries and veins

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3
Q

where is smooth muscle found?

A

in all blood vessels but capillaries

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4
Q

characteristics of collagen

A

tough and flexible

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5
Q

mention how calcium and smooth muscle interacts?

A

increase ca++ = constriction, decrease ca++= dilation

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6
Q

where is the endothelium found?

A

all blood vessels and in capillaries

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7
Q

what is an endothelium ?

A

single cell layer lining all blood vessels

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8
Q

what does the endothelium release when under shear stress?

A

prostaglandin and NO

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9
Q

what does the release of prostaglandins and NO cause ?

A

dilation of vascular smooth muscles and inhibit platelets/RBC/ neutrophils

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10
Q

what causes increase In shear stress?

A

increase blood flow

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11
Q

what else can cause NO and PGs to be released?

A

histamine and ACh

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12
Q

what can endothelium dysfunction be caused by?

A

CVD and risk of CVD

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13
Q

what does endothelium dysfunction cause?

A

impaired dilation, release of vasoconstrictor PGs, adhesion molecules produced

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14
Q

examples of adhesion molecules

A

Platelets and neutrophils and and RBC’s

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15
Q

why do we not want adhesion molecules attracted to the arteries walls

A

causes an inflammation response and increases sheer stress

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16
Q

why is arterial blood pressure (ABP) important

A

as it controls the perfusion and driving pressure.

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17
Q

how does the flow from the heart to the rest of the circulation flow?

A

Intermittently

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18
Q

why Is the flow from the heart intermittent?

A

as its not continuous due to the aortic valve opening and closing

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19
Q

what happens to the aortic valve during systole and diastole?

A

systole - open, diastole - closed

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20
Q

what happens to the aorta during systole and diastole?

A

systole - stretched due to the elastin and limited collagen; diastole - recoiled elastin

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21
Q

what is the pressure like in the aorta during systole and diastole?

A

systole - high pressure as the blood flow accumulates; diastole - lower but stays high-ish due to the elastin properties

22
Q

how is pulse pressure calculated?

A

systole pressure (SP) minus the diastole pressure (DP)

23
Q

how is the mean ABP calculated? via DP and SP

A

DP + 1/3 (SP-DP)

24
Q

how is the mean ABP calculated? alternatively

A

Cardiac output times total peripheral resistance

25
Q

how does the composition of the aorta change with age?

A

the older you are the lower the elastin concentration therefore stiffer therefore lowered cardiac output

26
Q

what can exercise and hyperactive thyroid cause?

A

increase SP, normal DP

27
Q

what can a haemorrhaging cause ?

A

decrease in SP

28
Q

what happens when TPR decreases?

A

an increase in DP

29
Q

what are the characteristics of hypertension?

A

DP >90mmHg; SP >140mmHg

30
Q

where is majority of the TPR found?

A

in the arterioles

31
Q

which vessels are generally more resistive?

A

muscular arteries and arterioles

32
Q

why is important we can regulate the TPR?

A

so we can control the blood flow into various organs/tissues and capillaries. choosing when we desire blood flow e.g. exercising. - more blood flow to the muscle and less to the GI tract and urine output

33
Q

constriction of arterioles in different tissues can cause?

A

increase in ABP

34
Q

what happens if the arterioles constrict?

A

increases the arteriolar resistance, decreasing the blood flow and pressure in the capillaries

35
Q

what’s the equation for flow ?

A

flow = (ABP-VP)/ resistance

36
Q

how can the sympathetic NS cause vasoconstriction?

A

increase noradrenaline, increase alpha adrenoreceptors stimulation, increase Ca++, vasoconstriction

37
Q

what receptors does noradrenaline stimulate?

A

alpha-1 adrenoreceptor

38
Q

increase in sympathetic NS means…

A

a greater vasoconstriction

39
Q

decrease in sympathetic NS means…

A

dilation of arterioles

40
Q

what happens when ABP falls?

A

increase sympathetic NS = vasoconstrictions = increase TPR and ABP

41
Q

what receptors realise lowered ABP and how?

A

baroreceptors by a decrease in blood volume

42
Q

where are baroreceptors found ?

A

in the posterior pituitary in the brain

43
Q

what reflex occurs when you are too hot ?

A

decrease Sympathetic NS to skin = dilation; increase sympathetic NS to the muscles = constriction; directs blood flow to skin to increase heat loss

44
Q

what reflex occurs when you exercise? how is O2 delivered to the muscles?

A

increase sympathetic NS to all arteries including skeletal muscle and GIT = constriction; delivered via another pathway that dilates blood vessels to the muscles

45
Q

what substances in the interstitial can cause arteriolar dilation

A

K+, ATP metabolites

46
Q

how can further dilation occur?

A

dilation = increase blood flow in arterioles = increase shear stress on the endothelium = increase release if NO and PGs = further dilation

47
Q

what is functional hyperaemia?

A

increase K+, ATP metabolites in the interstitium

48
Q

when does functional hyperaemia occur?

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle - during exercise; salivary glands - temperature; salivary glands - chewing; smooth muscle /gut wall glands - digesting a meal

49
Q

what happens to the brain blood flow as ABP changes?

A

remains constant over a wide range of ABP’s

50
Q

what happens when cerebral blood flow decreases

A

O2 decreases = hypoxia = confusion

HDT 2.2 COPY (18 decks)

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