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CVS > CVS 1 Intro To CVS > Flashcards

CVS 1 Intro To CVS Flashcards

1
Q

What is first line imaging technique from the heart?

A

Ultrasound

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2
Q

Where do the coronary arteries branch from?

A

Ascending aorta
Aortic sinuses

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3
Q

What does the right coronary artery branch into?

A

Right marginal
Right posterior interventricular artery

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4
Q

What does the left coronary artery branch into?

A

Left circumflex artery
Left anterior descending/interventricular
Left marginal

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5
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Membrane enclosing the heart

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6
Q

Outline the structure of the pericardium

A
  • Outer fibrous layer
  • Inner double layer of serous layer with an inner visceral layer
  • Outer parietal layer
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7
Q

What does a thickened pericardium cause?

A

The heart to be constrained which increases pressure

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8
Q

What are the three layers of tissue in the heart?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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9
Q

Describe the epicardium

A

Top layer
Serous membrane
Smooth outer surface of heart

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10
Q

Describe of myocardium

A

Middle layer
Made of cardiac muscle cells
Function: heart contracting

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11
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

Deep layer
Smooth inner surface of heart chambers

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12
Q

What are the pectinate muscles?

A

Muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial wall

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13
Q

What are the trabeculae carnae?

A

Muscular ridges and columns on inside of walls of ventricles

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14
Q

List the layers of the heart

A

Simple squamous epithelium
Loose connective tissue and adipose
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Trabeculae carnae

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15
Q

What branches off the ascending aorta?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

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16
Q

What branches of the arch of the aorta?

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk > right subclavian + right common carotid arteries
  • left subclavian artery
  • left common carotid artery
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17
Q

What does the endothelium in blood vessels do?

A

Stops blood sticking and forming plaques

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18
Q

What allows the heart to beat in a minimal friction environment?

A

Pericardial fluid

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19
Q

What does pericardial fluid allow?

A

The heart to beat in a minimal friction environment

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20
Q

What is a cardiac tamponade?

A

Compression of heart causing a fall in arterial blood pressure

21
Q

What is a pericardial effusion?

A

Buildup of excess fluid in pericardium

22
Q

What is a pericardiocentesis?

A

Insertion of a needle into pericardial space to remove the fluid

23
Q

What is the typical cardiac output of a 70kg man at rest?

A

5 l/min

24
Q

Why does a pericardial effusion prevent the heart properly filling in diastole?

A

Outer layer of fibrous pericardium cannot expand causing fluid to compress the heart - cardiac tamponade

25
Q

Where do the left and right coronary artery arise form?

A

Left aortic sinus
Right aortic sinus

26
Q

Where on the chest would you palpate for the apex beat?

A

Left 5th intercostal space
Midclavicular line

27
Q

When do coronary arteries fill?

A

During diastole

28
Q

Causes of pericarditis

A

Heart attack
Heart surgery
Viral, bacterial + fungal infection

29
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of a catheter based angiography

A

Invasive

Picture of blockage
Dynamic - can act on issue at same time e.g. balloon, stent

30
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of a CT coronary angiogram

A

Less invasive than catheter - dye added IV

Can’t act on it at same time - referral needed

31
Q

Describe a catheter based angiography

A

Catheter inserted into artery in groin, arm or neck and threaded to blood vessels in heart - dye is added
X ray used to see coronary arteries

32
Q

How is dye added in a CT coronary angiogram?

A

Intravenously

33
Q

What dye is normally used for angiograms?

A

Iodine

34
Q

What is a percutaneous coronary intervention?

A

Group of minimal invasive procedures used to open clogged coronary arteries

35
Q

If a catheter is entered in the left wrist, list the vessels it would pass through to reach the coronary arteries

A

Radial > brachial > axillary > left subclavian > aorta > coronary artery

36
Q

If a catheter is entered in the right wrist, list the vessels it would pass through to reach the coronary arteries

A

Radial > brachial > axillary > right subclavian > brachiocephalic > aorta > coronary artery

37
Q

What does the left circumflex artery supply?

A

Left atrium and ventricle

38
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply?

A

Right atrium + ventricle

39
Q

What does the left anterior descending artery supply?

A

Right + left ventricle
Septum

40
Q

Where do the coronary veins drain into?

A

Coronary sinus > empties into the right atrium

41
Q

What is the cardiothoracic ratio

A

Ratio between the horizontal width of the heart : horizontal width of chest

42
Q

What should the cardiothroacic ratio in a healthy patient be?

A

<50%

43
Q

What can cause the cardiothoracic ratio to increase above 50%?

A

Ventricluar dilation
Ventricluar hypertrophy
Pericardial effusion

44
Q

What are the right, left and inferior borders of the heart

A

Right - right atrium
Left - left ventricle
Inferior - right ventricle

45
Q

Why does a blockage in the right coronary artery causes rhythm disturbance?

A

Supplies SAN and AVN in some people

46
Q

What do the marginal arteries supply?

A

Respective ventricle

47
Q

What supplies the apex of the heart?

A

Right marginal artery

48
Q

What does the transverse pericardial sinus separate?

A

Aorta and pulmonary trunk from venous inflow to heart

CVS (22 decks)

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