CVPR 03-28-14 09-10am Autonomic Nervous System Physiology - Felsen Flashcards
Role of the autonomic NS
To maintain homeostasis in the internal environment amid changing external conditions, via widespread & complementary actions in organs systems in response to sensory stimuli
How the ANS works
It regulates the physiological systems over which we have only minimal conscious control, such as the cardiovascular, GI, and respiratory systems….. Changes in autonomic control of these systems elicit the responses we associate with stressful stimuli and other emotions.
ANS vs. Somatic motor system
ANS – involuntary, diffuse projections, slow action, innervates smooth/cardiac muscle & gland cells, disynaptic (pre/postganglionic neurons)…..SMS – voluntary, specific projections, rapid action, innervates skeletal muscle, monosynaptic
Autonomic NS – how it works
Unlike the somatic (motor) NS, the Autonomic NS is characterized by a 2-neuron link between CNS & peripheral target organ….Preganglionic neurons are located in the CNS (brainstem or spinal cord) and connect to Postganglionic neurons located in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS —> Postganglionic neurons project to the target organ where they innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands
Myelination w/in the 2-Neuron System of the ANS
Transmission over PREganglionic fibers is relatively fast, b/c they are composed of myelinated fibers….. POST ganglionic fibers are unmyelinated.
Autonomic nervous system - Division
The ANS consists of the Sympathetic NS & the Parasympathetic NS, as well as the Enteric semi-autonomous control of digestion
Ganglion vs. Nucleus
Ganglion = cluster of cell bodies in peripheral NS; Nucleus = cluster of cell bodies in CNS
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic – origin of preganglionic neurons
SYMP: thoracic & lumbar spinal cord….. PARA: brainstem & sacral spinal cord
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic –location of ganglia
SYMP: near spinal cord…..PARA: near target organs
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic – ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons
SYMP: 1:10 pre to post…. PARA: 1:3
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic –Neurotransmitters of preganglionic neurons
BOTH: Acetylcholine (ACh)
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic – Postanglionic
SYMP: Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine…. PARA: ACh
Role of the Sympathetic nervous system
Initiates responses to emergency or stressful situations - “fight and flight” responses
Organization of the Sympathetic NS – Location of Preganglionic neurons
Preganglionic neurons are located in the intermediolateral column of the thoracic & upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord, as well as in splanchnic nerves arising from the lower 7 thoracic spinal level
Pathway of Preganglionic Sympathetic neurons located in the thoracic/upper lumbar spinal cord
Preganglionic Sympathetic axons exit the spinal cord in the ventral roots of corresponding spinal nerves –> Pass through white ramus communicans (myelinated) —> Enter sympathetic trunk and branch to innervate postganglionic neurons in multiple levels of the spinal trunk
Pathway of Preganglionic Sympathetic neurons located in splanchnic nerves
Preganglionic parasympathetic axons in splanchnic nerves pass through the spinal trunk to innervate postganglionic sympathetic neurons located in the celiac & mesenteric ganglia
Neurotransmitter relased by PREganglionic vs POSTganglionic neurons of the Sympathetic NS
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons; Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.
Organization of the Sympathetic NS –Location of Postganglionic neurons
Located in the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral chain ganglia) and in the celiac & mesenteric ganglia (those involved in GI tract regulation
Pathway of Sympathetic Postganglionic neurons located in the paravertebral chain ganglia
From the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral chain ganglia). The sympathetic postganglionic axons exit the spinal trunk through the gray rami communicans (unmyelinated) —> travel in spinal nerves to reach sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, etc
Pathway of Sympathetic Postganglionic neurons located in the celiac & mesenteric ganglia
Axons from the postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the celiac & mesenteric ganglia form the perivascular plexuses innervating the abdominal viscera —> regulate GI tract
Adrenal medulla
Specialized component of the sympathetic nervous system; functions as neuroendocrine gland; its postganglionic cells secrete epi (80-90%) & norepi (10-20%), both of which bind to adrenergic receptors, into the blood stream….Thus, rather than acting as neurotransmitters, these agents become hormones to regulate activity of distant target tissues (sympathomimetic but more widespread & slower than normal sympathetic neurons)
Innervations of specialized postganglionic cells of the Adrenal medulla
Innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons located in thoracic levels 6-9 of the spinal cord.
Sympathetic NS – what it controls
Vasodilation & vasoconstriction are controlled primarily by the SNS….. Increased sympathetic output causes vasoconstriction (as well as increased HR & force of contraction), while decreased sympathetic output causes vasodilation….At rest, sympathetic output maintains the vasculature in an intermediate state between constriction & dilation
Role of the Parasympathetic nervous system
Involved in conservation & replenishing of resources; Classically associated w/ “rest and digest” responses; The actions of the PNS generally oppose those of the sympathetic NS.