Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CVPR Unit 1 > CVPR 03-24-14 09-10am Hemodynamics - Proenza > Flashcards

CVPR 03-24-14 09-10am Hemodynamics - Proenza Flashcards

1
Q

Hemodynamics

A

Basic physics of blood flow; Movement of blood is driven by differences in pressure throughout the CV system; Basic physics of flow through a tube predicts many properties of CV system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Effect of Pressure differences

A

Pressure differences (deltaP) drive blood flow through vessels; the difference between arterial & venous pressure is drives blood flow through organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Transmural pressure

A

Difference in pressure between inside & outside of a vessel (across the vessel wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gravitational pressure

A

Also affects blood flow (positional changes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pressure in different vessels

A

Highest pressure in the aorta… Elastic walls of vessels dampen pulsatile pressure but offer very little resistance to flow, so there is not much drop in BP through arteries….Big drop in pressure in arterioles (aka resistance vessels)…..Very low pressure in capillaries & in the venous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pressure in systemic vs. pulmonary circulation

A

Pressure in systemic circulation&raquo_space;> pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cardiac output, resistance, and pressure in Left vs. Right sides of Heart

A

CO equal between sides; Resistance & Pressure different (much lower in pulmonary circulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Total Blood Volume & it is mostly found

A

About 5L; Greatest blood volume in venous system (veins = “capacitance vessels”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Blood volume in arterial vs. venous sides

A

Varies a lot depending on blood volume & pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Flow (Q)

A

CONSTANT through system; the cardiovascular system is a closed loop, so flow through the capillaries MUST be the same as flow through the aorta (on average)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Flow (Q) and Cardiac output (CO)

A

CO = Total flow in the cardiovascular system = volume of blood pumped per minute by the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Velocity (v)

A

Distance per unit time (cm/sec) [as opposed to flow, which is volume per unit time]; v = Q/A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Velocity (v) and Cross-sectional area (A)

A

Velocity depends inversely on cross-sectional area (A)…..slowest through biggest cross-sectional area, like a river…total cross-sectional area is smallest in the aorta (–> fastest flow) and greatest in capillary beds and pulmonary circulation (–> slowest flow in these areas of exchange)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Flow equation

A

Q = deltaP / R…..where, Q = flow (volume/time), deltaP = pressure difference, R = resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cardiac output version of the Flow equation

A

CO = (mean arterial pressure – venous pressure) / total peripheral resistance (TPR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Flow equation & Ohm’s law

A

Flow eq. is analogous to Ohm’s law for electricity (V = IR, I = V/R), where blood flow is like current, pressure is like voltage, resistance is like…resistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Flow equation – characteristics

A

Require pressure difference; Flow In MUST equal Flow Out; Flow is directly proportional to pressure, inversely proportional to resistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Assumptions of flow equation that are not really valid for cardiovascular system:

A

Constant pressure, Constant resistance, Straight rigid tube..…Nonetheless, pressure & flow through the system as a whole can be approximated fairly well with the flow equation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Poiseuille’s Equation

A

An extended version of the flow equation: Q = ΔP x (π x r^4) / 8ηl ……… Q = flow, r = radius, l = length, ΔP = pressure difference, η = viscosity of blood…… (π x r^4) / 8ηl is the inverse of resistance in the flow equation….. For the exam, you do not have to memorize the equation per se, but you need to understand how each variable affects flow, and that the FLOW VARIES WITH THE 4TH POWER OF THE RADIUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Effect of Increased vessel size (radius) on resistance & flow (Poiseuille’s Law)

A

Increased radius = Decreased resistance, Increased flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vessel radius and flow

A

Increase size of vessel (radius) = decrease resistance, increase flow….. Radius has huge effect on flow (flow varies with 4th power), so doubling the radius increases flow by 16-fold (24)….. In CV system, vessel diameter is the major mechanism by which flow is controlled (vasoconstriction & vasodilation).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Effect of Increased length of vessel on resistance & flow (Poiseuille’s Law)

A

Increased length = increase resistance, decrease flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Effect of increased viscosity on resistance & flow (Poiseuille’s Law)

A

Increased viscosity = increase resistance, decrease flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Viscosity of blood…what it depends on, gender differences

A

Mostly depends on hematocrit (proportion of RBCs, normally 38-46% in women, 42-54% in men)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Assumptions of Poiseuille’s Law that are not valid for cardiovascular system:

A

Constant pressure, Constant resistance, Constant radius, Single length, Constant viscosity, Laminar flow….Only valid for single vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Resistance in parallel vs. in series

A

Poiseuille’s law is only valid for single vessels…..Parallel vessels (most of systemic circulation) decreases total vascular resistance.…. Series vessels increases total vascular resistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Resistance in parallel – calculation & significance

A

1/ total R = sum of 1 / individual resistances…….Therefore: 1. Total resistance of a network of parallel vessels (capillary bed) is lower than the resistance of single lowest resistance vessel in the system (single capillary), 2. Changing the resistance of a single vessel in a parallel system has little effect on the total resistance of the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Resistance vs. Blood flow in parallel circulations

A

Pressure is the same in each parallel vessel, but the blood flow through each can be different…..EX: Capillaries are highest resistance of all vessels (smallest diameter), yet total resistance of capillary beds is quite low & is independent of individual capillaries because there are many parallel vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Resistance in series – calculation

A

Resistances in series are additive: total R = sum of individual Rs (i.e., R in artery + R in arteriole + R in capillaries)…..Therefore: Total resistance of a series of vessels is higher than the resistance of any individual vessel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Resistance in series – location of most resistance

A

Largest proportion of total resistance is in arterioles, the major resistance vessels that regulate flow to tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Resistance & Blood flow in series circulations

A

Blood flow through vessels in series is constant, but the pressure decreases through the series of vessels (e.g.,, pressure drops through the systemic circulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Laminar flow

A

Smooth, streamlined, most efficient type of flow; Velocity slowest at edge of tube, fastest in center; Assumed type of flow in the flow equation (non-pulsatile laminar flow); Not completely the case in the CV system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Turbulent flow

A

Irregular type of flow, with eddies & vortices; Requires more pressure for same average velocity compared with laminar flow; Produces shear force

34
Q

Factors that increase turbulent flow

A

Large diameter, high velocity, low viscosity, abrupt changes in diameter, irregularities on tube walls (things that promote turbulence promote damage to endothelial lining through the shear force created)

35
Q

Shear force - how created, what it is, what it causes

A

Produced by turbulent flow; Viscous drag of fluid flowing through tube, which exerts force on the walls; Can damage vascular endothelium, promoting development of thrombi, emboli, & atherosclerotic plaques

36
Q

Pulsatile flow

A

Heart pumps intermittently, creating pulsatile flow in the aorta = arterial pressure in not constant…..Pulsatile flow requires more work (stop & go driving at rush hour uses up more gas)…pulsatile flow is dampened from aorta to capillaries (where it becomes constant rather than pulsatile)

37
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Peak aortic (~arterial) pressure; Systole = contraction phase of cardiac cycle

38
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Minimum aortic pressure: Diastole = relaxation phase of cardiac cycle

39
Q

Normal blood pressure value

A

Systolic / diastolic = <120/80mmHg (range: 90-120 / 60-80)

40
Q

Pulse pressure – how to calculate & normal value

A

Systolic – Diastolic = 120 – 80 = 40 mmHg

41
Q

Pulse variation, pressure, & velocity in different vessels

A

In capillary beds, no pulse variation, pressure & thus flow is continuous…..Pulse pressure, mean pressure & velocity all decrease from aorta to capillaries

42
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - calculation

A

At resting HRs, MAP= ~Diastolic pressure + 1/3(systolic – diastolic)…..at resting HRs, NOT the arithmetic average of systolic & diastolic pressure b/c diastole is longer than systole

43
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) – what it depends on

A

Depends on HR. At rate higher than resting HRs, diastole is relatively shorter, so MAP approaches the average between systolic & diastolic pressures

44
Q

Compliance equation

A

C = ΔV/ΔP….. C= compliance in ml/mmHg, ΔV = change in volume in ml, ΔP = change in pressure in mmHg… how much change in volume is elicited by a change in pressure

45
Q

Compliance represents…

A

…the elastic properties of vessels (or chambers of the heart)

46
Q

Relative compliance in veins vs. arteries

A

Veins are more compliant than arteries – more V per P

47
Q

Relative compliance in different arteries & what it contributes to

A

More compliance in aorta = lower pulse pressure…. Degree of compliance in the major arteries contributes to transformation of pulsatile flow from heart into continuous flow in microcirculation.

48
Q

Compliance is determined by…

A

… relative proportion of elastin fibers vs, smooth muscle & collagen in vessel walls

49
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

NOT the same as atherosclerosis…. Rather, a general term for loss of compliance caused by thickening & hardening of arteries….SOME IS NORMAL W/ AGE (pulse pressure 40 mmHg in young adults, ~60+ mmHg in elderly people…younger people have more compliant arteries than older people)

50
Q

LaPlace’s Law - equation

A

T = ΔP x r / µ…..T = tension (wall stress), ΔP = transmural pressure, r = radius, µ = wall thickness

51
Q

LaPlace’s Law describes…

A

The relationship between tension in a vessel wall and the transmural pressure

52
Q

Relationship in LaPlace’s Law

A

Tension in the vessel increases as pressure & radius increase. (Thus, HTN increases stress on vessel [and chamber] walls.)

53
Q

Aneurysms & LaPlace’s Law

A

Weakened vessel wall bulges outward, increasing radius, thus increasing tension that cells in the wall have to withstand to prevent the vessel from splitting open….Over time cells become weaker, allowing wall to bulge more so that tension increases further, until aneurysm ruptures.

54
Q

Two major processes of cardiovascular transport:

A
  1. Bulk transport, 2. Transcapillary transport (movement of cargo between capillaries and tissue)
55
Q

Bulk transport

A

Movement of substances through the CV system (cargo from point A to point B in whole CV system)…Can be applied also to consumption of a substance

56
Q

Bulk transport - Transport rate (x)

A

x = Q[x]……..x is amount of substance x, Q is flow, [x] is concentration of substance x……..EX: How much O2 is carried to a muscle in 1 minute? O2/min = CO[O2] …..where where O2/min = transport rate (ml O2/min), CO = cardiac output (ml blood/min), and [O2] = concentration of O2 (ml O2/ml blood)

57
Q

Fick’s Principle – what it explains

A

An expansion of the bulk transport idea to consider how much of a substance is used by a tissue….basically, the amount used is equal to the amount that enters the tissue minus the amount that leaves, which can be determined as the flow times the concentration (as with bulk transport)

58
Q

Fick’s Principle – equation

A

X used = Xi – Xo = (Q[x]i) – (Q[x]o) = Q([x]I – [x]o)…..where Xused is the amount of a substance used by the tissue, Xi is the initial amount, Xo is the final amount, and Q is flow (constant through system)

59
Q

Fick’s Equation & Cardiac output

A

To measure CO based on myocardial oxygen consumption…. mVO2 = CO ([O2]a – [O2]v)…where, mVO2 is myocardial oxygen consumption (X is general Fick’s equation), CO is cardiac output (like flow, Q), [O2]a & [O2]v are arterial & venous oxygen concentrations (same as Xi and Xo)

60
Q

Oxygen consumption in the whole body

A

Can be determined by looking at the difference between oxygen levels in the pulmonary vein minus the pulmonary artery, which is opposite from the expression used for with myocardial oxygen consumption & CO (which was arterial minus venous concentration) b/c blood in the pulmonary vein is oxygenated and blood in the pulmonary artery is deoxygenated.

61
Q

Fractional O2 Extraction (EO2) from blood

A

= amount of oxygen used by a tissue expressed as a fraction of the original (arterial) oxygen concentration…. EO2 = (absolute value of arterial O2 – abs. value of venous O2) / abs. value of arterial O2

62
Q

Transcapillary transport – forces determining solvent movement

A

Two opposing forces determine solvent movement – hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure

63
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure (P) definition

A

= simply fluid pressure (blood pressure in this case)

64
Q

Net hydrostatic pressure in a capillary bed

A

= difference between capillary pressure & interstitial pressure

65
Q

Hydrostatic pressure (P) and Solvent movement

A

Solvents move from high pressure to low pressure…..BP in capillaries ~ 25 mm Hg, while P in interstitial space ~ 0 mm Hg….Hydrostatic pressure promotes FILTRATION (movement of fluid out of capillaries)

66
Q

Oncotic pressure (π) definition

A

= aka colloid osmotic pressure; the osmotic force created by proteins in the blood & interstitial fluid

67
Q

Major determinants of oncotic pressure

A

α Globulin and albumin

68
Q

Oncotic pressure (π) and Solvent movement

A

Solutes move from high concentration to low concentration…Solvents move toward high concentration of solutes…..Oncotic pressure of blood in capillaries (πc) is higher than oncotic pressure of interstitial fluid (πi)….Capillary oncotic pressure promotes REABSORPTION of fluid (movement of fluid into capillaries)

69
Q

Starling Equation for transcapillary transport (AKA Starling’s law of the capillary)

A

Flux = k[(Pc – Pi) – (πc- πi)]….where Flux = net movement across capillary wall, k = constant, Pc = capillary hydrostatic pressure, Pi = interstitial hydrostatic pressure, c = capillary oncotic pressure, i = interstitial oncotic pressure

70
Q

(Pc - Pi) in Starling Equation

A

= net hydrostatic pressure….tends to be outward (filtration)

71
Q

(πc – πi) in Starling Equation

A

= net oncotic pressure…..tends to be inward (reabsorption)

72
Q

Net movement of water in and out of a capillary

A

= simply the outward force minus inward force, or the balance between filtration & reabsorption

73
Q

Factors promoting filtration & the effect of excess filtration

A

Factors that increase blood pressure (HTN) or reduce oncotic pressure (liver disease)…..Excess filtration causes edema (swelling) in tissues.

74
Q

Net flux from arterial to venous end of capillaries

A

= not constant….Pc is higher on arterial side & lower on venous side….c is lower on arterial side & higher on venous side…..Thus, there is a tendency toward filtration on the arterial side and reabsorption on the venous side.

75
Q

Net flux in different capillary beds

A

Net flux is different in different capillary beds…e.g., capillaries in kidney favor filtration, capillaries in gut favor reabsorption

76
Q

Regulation of Net flux

A

regulated primarily by control of capillary hydrostatic pressure (via vasoconstriction/vasodilation of arterioles)

77
Q

Diffusion – what molecules CAN diffuse across cell membranes

A

Gases are lipid soluble & diffuse freely across cell membranes (CO2, O2, NO, etc.); Other lipid soluble molecules also diffuse freely (e.g., some vitamins); Small lipid-INSOLUBLE molecules can also diffuse, through inter-endothelial junctions between capillary endothelial cells (salts, water, glucose, etc.).

78
Q

Rate of diffusion of O2

A

Rate of diffusion from capillary to tissue depends on…1. Distance between capillary & tissue, 2. Amount of O2 carried in blood (free and bound to hemoglobin).

79
Q

Interendothelial junction

A

Allow small lipid-insoluble molecules (e.g.: water, salts, glucose) to diffuse across vascular cell membranes; Vary in size, density, & permeability in different tissues.

80
Q

Diffusion – what molecules CANNOT diffuse across cell membranes

A

Large molecules (e.g., albumin, other proteins) cannot cross most capillary walls (except in some cases by endo- or exocytosis, or in lymphatic capillaries, in which the junctions are quite permeable) including through interendothelial junctions.

CVPR Unit 1 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions